Islamic Political Identity in Turkey

288 notes to pages 67–71Partisi). The retired general Hasan Tahsin Berkmen was the Wrst chairman of theparty. In 1967 Hüseyin Balan became the chairman.29. Cumhuriyet, June 13, 1967.30. Martin van Bruinessen, “Kurds, Turks and the Alevi Revival in Turkey,”Middle East Report 26, 3 (1996): 8.31. 8zzettin Do;an, Alevi-Islam 8nancì, Kültürü ile 8lgili Görü7 ve Dü7ünceler(Istanbul: Cem, 2000), and Reha Çamuro;lu, “Alevi Revivalism in Turkey,” inOlsson and Özdalga, Alevi Identity, 79–84.32. See Cumhuriyet, Milliyet, and Hürriyet, September 7, 1980.33. See Mehmet Ali Birand, The Generals‘ Coup in Turkey: An Inside Story of12 September 1980 (New York: Brassey‘s, 1987), 173–89.34. Milliyet, September 12, 1998.35. My interview with Ahmet Çetin, deputy director of the Propagation Department,March 30, 1995.36. My interview with Arif Soytürk, March 29, 1996.37. See Mehmet Kìrkìncì‘s April 1982 letter to President Kenan Evren, inMehmet Kìrkìncì, Mektuplar Hatìralar (Istanbul: Zafer Yayìnlarì: 1992), 84–93.38. Evren, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Ba7kanì Orgeneral Kenan Evren’in Söylevve Demeçleri: 1985–1986 (Ankara: Ba7bakanlìk, 1986), 221.39. The Wrst book, Atatürkçülük: Birinci Kitap, Atatürkün Görü7 ve DirektiXeri[Ataturkism: First Book, Atatürk’s Views and Orders], includes Atatürk’s statementson diverse issues, including the state, the nation, religion, the economy, and the army.The second book, Atatürkçülük: 8kinci Kitap, Atatürk ve Atatürkçülü;e 8li7kin Makaleler[Ataturkism: Second Book, Articles on Atatürkism and Atatürk], includes a number ofarticles written by scholars and statesmen on Atatürk’s views in regard to the state,nation, economy, and religion. The third book, which is the most important one sinceit oVers the military’s ijtihad on Atatürk’s ideas and ideology, is entitled Atatürkçülük:Üçüncü Kitap, Atatürkçü Dü7ünce Sistemi [Atatürkism: Third Book, Atatürkism:Ataturkian Thought System]. The section on religion develops an argument for“enlightened Islam,” 225–41. These three volumes were Wrst published by thePublishing OYce of the Chief of StaV in 1983. They were reprinted by the Ministery ofEducation (Atatürkçülük, vols. 1–3 [Istanbul: Milli E;itim Bakanlì;ì Basìmevi, 1984])and distributed to all schools in Turkey as the sourcebook on Kemalism.40. Atatürkçülük: Birinci Kitap, 465–67.41. Following the 1980 coup, the military became actively involved in thedevelopment and dissemination of enlightened Islam. A course on Islam wasintroduced to all military academies. The textbook of the course constantly stressedthe necessity of Islam for the development of moral society in which people areresponsible and duty-oriented toward their state and society. Osman G. Feyzio:lu,ed., Askerin Din Bilgisi (Ankara: Kara Kuvvetleri Komutanlì:ì Basìmevi, 1981). Thebook is written from a HaneW-Sunni Muslim perspective and oVers little informationon Alevi interpretations of Islam.42. 8brahim Kafeso:lu, Türk-8slam Sentezi (Istanbul: Ötüken, 1999).43. See Decision 1982/614 of the Higher Military Court in Mustafa Tuncel, 163.Madde hakkìnda kesinle7mi7 kararlar (Istanbul: Yeni Asya, 1983), 13.44. See the founding charter of the Intellectuals’ Hearth Association, AydìnlarOca:ì Derne:i Tüzü:ü (Istanbul: Aydìnlar Oca:ì Yayìnlarì, 1989), 7; see MustafaErkal, “21 Yüzyìla Do:ru Milli Kültürlerin Gelece:i ve Bazi Çeli7kiler,” in 8slamiyet,Millet Gerçe:i ve Laiklik (Istanbul: Aydìnlar Oca:ì, 1994).