Islamic Political Identity in Turkey

314 notes to pages 243–24713. Philip Robins, “Turkish Foreign Policy under Erbakan,” Suvival 39, 2(Summer 1997): 82–100.14. Yeni Yüzyìl, October 14, 1996.15. For more on the visit and the debate in the parliament, see T.B.M.M.Tutanak Dergisi, 8th session, October 16, 1996.16. After his retirement, Bir became the representative of Israeli militaryindustries to sell arms to the Turkish military; see Mehmet Barlas, “Emekli generallersilah satìcìsì olur mu?” Yeni Safak, July 28, 2000.17. Sabah, March 19, 1997; Sabah, August 23, 2000, in FBIS-WEU-2000–0826; and Hikmet Çiçek, ed., Irticaya Kar7ì Genelkurmay Belgeleri (Istanbul: Kaynak,1997). For the full text translation, see David Shankland, Islam and Society in Turkey(Huntingdon, U.K.: Eothen Press, 1999), 204–208.18. See Umran 78 (February 2001), special issue “28 7ubat Süreci” on the 1997coup.19. See 7evket Kazan, Öncesi ve Sonrasìyla 28 6ubat (Ankara: Ke7if Yayìnlarì, 2001).20. Hugh Pope, “Turkish Military Tightens Noose on Pro-Islamic Regime,”Wall Street Journal, June 13, 1997.21. Türk Silahlì Kuvvetleri 8ç Hizmet Kanunu, no. 211 [The Law (211) on theRegulation of the Domestic Duties of the Turkish Armed Forces], RG, January 9,1961; Haluk Yavuz, Türkiye’de Siyasal Sistem Arayì7ì ve Yürütmenin Güçlendirilmesi(Ankara: Siyasal, 2000), 358–59; Metin Öztürk, Ordu ve Politika (Ankara: Gündo;anYayìnlarì, 1993), 114–16.22. Ole Waever, “The EU as a Security Actor,” in International Relations Theoryand the Politics of European Integration: Power, Security and Community, ed. MortenKelstrup and Michael C. Williams (London: Routledge, 2000), 251.23. See interview with Güven Erkaya (chief of the navy in the 1997 coup) byTaner Baytok, in Bir Asker Bir Diplomat (Istanbul: Do:an, 2001), 260; Güven Erkaya,“Meral Ak7ener 28 Subat ve BÇG’yi Anlatìyor,” in 28 6ubat-Belgeler (Istanbul: Pìnar,2000), 497; and Hakan Akpìnar, 28 6ubat: Postmodern Darbenin Öyküsü (Ankara:Umit, 2001).24. Bilal Çetin, “Genelkurmay‘dan 5 önemli mesaj,” Yeni Yüzyìl, April 30, 1997;and Derya Sazak, “Askeri briWng,” Milliyet, April 30, 1997; Radikal, June 12, 1997.25. Yalçìn Do:an, “VakìXar gözaltì,” Milliyet, August 28, 1997; in 1923–1980,there were 544 foundations; in 1980–1997, the number jumped to 3,806 foundations.The military asked the government to examine and close some of thesefoundations.26. Burton Bollac, “A Ban on Islamic Head Scarves Unsettles Turkey’sUniversities,” Chronicle of Higher Education, April 24, 1998, 39–40.27. For the new regulations by the Higher Education Council, see RG, November7, 1998, 22–23.28. Turkish Daily News, November 11, 1998.29. The court issued its decision in January and published the decision inFebruary. For the decision of the Constitutional Court, see RG, February 22, 1998,31–345.30. RG, February 22, 1998, 255.31. RG, February 22, 1998, 256.32. RG, February 22, 1998, 34–35.33. RG, February 22, 1998, 256. This interpretation is not only problematic butalso potentially very destructive.34. RG, February 22, 257.