what the touch<strong>ed</strong> hand recognizes when it be<strong>com</strong>es a touching hand, is nothing other thanthe flesh and its reflexive power. The body that I am is a “field of Being,” solelythinkable from the point of view of the flesh. If I feel space and, in that feeling, find thepeculiar mark of my inhabiting it, this always happens in a place of mysteriousinterchange, where (and by which) the traditional meanings of interiority and exteriorityare subvert<strong>ed</strong>. Only the source experience, 56 or -- retrieving a Husserlian terminology --“donation in flesh,” can help us elucidate in what measure space lodges itself between thefolds of my body, and my body between the folds of the world. 57 In this context ofreciprocal encroachment, the phenomenon of the dream appears to Merleau-Ponty as aprivileg<strong>ed</strong> mode of <strong>com</strong>prehending that mysterious corporeal interchange that shapes thevery enigma of space. Already in the Phénoménologie he states this, when he writes: “IfI want<strong>ed</strong> to describe perceptual experience accurately, I would say that it is perceiv<strong>ed</strong> inme and not that I perceive. Every sensation contains a se<strong>ed</strong> of dreaming.” 58 Merleau-Ponty’s work in 1945 could not exhaust the subject of the dream, yet the reference isnonetheless significant. By juxtaposing feeling with the phenomenon of the dream, in thecontext of that chiasmatic interchange which takes place inside of the sensible, we are ableto m<strong>ed</strong>itate upon the irreflect<strong>ed</strong> of the body in terms of an unconscious of the body inspace and an unconscious of space in the body.Throughout Merleau-Ponty’s work, the issue of the dream is, in a broad context,fram<strong>ed</strong> by the relation between psychoanalysis and phenomenology. In fact, the Frenchphilosopher never ceas<strong>ed</strong> to insist upon the ne<strong>ed</strong> to sh<strong>ed</strong> light on “the true meaning ofpsychoanalysis,” 59 in which meaning he saw an inescapable way of criticizing intellectualisticconceptions of consciousness. In effect, if well analyz<strong>ed</strong>, i.e., m<strong>ed</strong>itat<strong>ed</strong> uponoutside of the dangers of substantialism, psychoanalysis does confirm the teachings ofphenomenology, in that it unveils a “consciousness which, rather than knowl<strong>ed</strong>ge orrepresentation, is investment.” 60 This possibility was already touch<strong>ed</strong> upon and broughtcloser in the debate initiat<strong>ed</strong> in the Phénoménologie on the subject of desire, as this isparticularly suitable for expressing the “inner intentionality of Being.” 61 Thus, thequestion of the dream or feeling is plac<strong>ed</strong> within the investigation of what is external inthe interior, and of what is interior in the external. 62 However, this possibility implies are-reading of Freudian psychoanalysis, i.e., a reading which is capable of regarding thelibido not just as a sex drive, but as a constitutive mode of being body in the world, andthe unconscious not just as a place for representation, rul<strong>ed</strong> by determinate laws, butrather as a “global and universal power of incorporation.” 63 Once these theoretical linesare rectifi<strong>ed</strong>, we may finally conclude that “the unconscious is feeling (in itself), becausefeeling is not our intellectual possession of ‘what’ is being felt, but rather our divestingourselves in its favor, an openness to what we do not have to think in order to know.” 64Such are the possibilities open<strong>ed</strong> up to us by a body henceforth understood as a “naturalsymbolism.” 65 Given that “my own body” is both sensible (in the philosophical meaning)56Ibid., 209. Cf. Renaud Barbaras, Le tournant de l’expérience – Recherches sur la philosophie deMerleau-Ponty (Paris: Vrin, 1998), 83.57Cf. Merleau-Ponty, Le visible et l’invisible, 317.58Merleau-Ponty, Phénoménologie, 249.59Renaud Barbaras, De l’être du phénomène. Sur l’ontologie de Merleau-Ponty (Grenoble: Millon,1991), 313. Cf. Merleau-Ponty, Résumés, 69-70.60Barbaras, De l’être, 313.61Merleau-Ponty, Le visible et l’invisible, 298.62Merleau-Ponty, Résumés, 178.63Ibid.64Ibid., 179.65Ibid., 180.122
and sentient, is seen and sees, is touch<strong>ed</strong> and touches, and contains -- as sentient, seeing,and touching -- an aspect which is “inaccessible to everyone but its owner,” 66 thisunderstanding discloses the very invisibility of the visible and the visibility of theinvisible.What is really at issue in the dream is an unknown system of exchange, through whicha riot of experiences finds shelter “inside of me,” without clear awareness of its relevanceor timing. When Merleau-Ponty talks about the subject of the dream, he accordingly isalluding to a continuous birth situat<strong>ed</strong> in the external, which is brought to life in me,signifying a global relation to a pre-personal unity. A unity that came to me without myactually thinking of it as such, and that now manifests itself -- still without being controll<strong>ed</strong>by an arrogant “self” -- in an apparently unarticulat<strong>ed</strong> profusion of possibles concerninga distant but not absent world. 67 More explicitly: “The distinction between the realand the oneiric cannot be the simple distinction between a consciousness fill<strong>ed</strong> by thesenses and a consciousness given over to its own life. The two modalities encroach uponeach other,” 68 and, for this reason, the real essence of the dream is not a monopoly ofconsciousness, nor a particular case of bad faith, but rather an untam<strong>ed</strong> thought. Therebywe understand what is already in the body, a characteristic of it since the beginning, i.e.,the possibility of understanding the world in what evades every inspective attitude, ofunderstanding the world (whenever I see, hear or touch) in what it already is in me assuch a possibility of understanding. Consequently it be<strong>com</strong>es clear, to what extent the traditionalsplit between interior and external must be modifi<strong>ed</strong> before we can consider, inrigorous terms, the question of space: the dream is not a translation of latent contents intomanifest ones; in the dream, a latent content is liv<strong>ed</strong> through the manifest one, whichproves the capacity of the sensible for feeling itself, and for remaining sensitive in theabsence of the external sensible. While dreaming, the Sensible is manifest<strong>ed</strong> in the contentof the dream. The dreaming subject is not in charge of the content of the dream. Thattestifies to the body being part of the Sensible. 69This is the other (another) scene of the dream: it is the very presence of a reality thatdoes not disappear in its absence, a corporeal reality that goes on existing even in theabsence of its external deployment. But “where” does that sensible be<strong>com</strong>e an “innersensible,” where does it appear in the counter-light of its exteriority? We have alreadyseen it: in a (fr.) on, i.e., in a body of flesh, in a Leib that thus reveals itself -- in theapparent épochê of the Körper situat<strong>ed</strong> as observatory -- as anonymity, dispossession. Th<strong>ed</strong>ream is the sensible in the body of flesh, as <strong>com</strong>pelling. 70 It is the mark of a being inspace that it is also a mode of “being in the world without a body,” 71 without a bodyobjectbut still and never without an own body, never without a Leib. The dream revealsthe touch<strong>ed</strong>-touching body inhabiting space in the very eclipse 72 of the body as touch<strong>ed</strong>.This does not, however, correspond to a denial of the body’s concreteness. The point hereis the reality of a presence which mere topographic location cannot describe; a presencewhose mode of being is concealment and, thereby only, presence and situation; a presencethat implies a belonging, but not only to the external of space, also to its interior, to its66Ibid., 177.67Cf. ibid., 67.68Ibid., 69.69Merleau-Ponty, Le visible et l’invisible, 316.70Ibid.71Marc Richir, “Le sensible dans le rêve,” in Renaud Barbaras, <strong>ed</strong>., Merleau-Ponty. Notes de courssur L’origine de la géométrie de Husserl, suivi de Recherches sur la phénoménologie de Merleau-Ponty(Paris: P.U.F., 1998), 242.72Ibid.123
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various forms of idealist philosoph
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self-givenness (Selbstgegebenheit)
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It must be admitted in this regard
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down and all the way back.” 51 Fo
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Heidegger characterized his own pro
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Heidegger’s transcendental-existe
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perceived world” (PP, 25), Merlea
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in the unreflected, in “perceptio
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Nor would Merleau-Ponty have had an
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a way that we do not all crash into
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“I think” but in “the dialogu
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in existence a “super-abundance o
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crucial “other” in our becoming
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to its being grounded in terms of b
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(“History is this quasi-‘thing
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manner (statistical or regression a
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and they are such, precisely becaus
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interpreted the world, and that the
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is not rationalist or idealist in t
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title Herbert Spiegelberg gave to h
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II.TOWARD A TELOS OF SIGNIFYING COM
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published in Being and Having. 12 T
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inside me which makes me able to re
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or is not existence something that
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ReflectionPhilosophical thought is
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attempt at unification, the reflect
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thereof. And an ethical aspect: tha
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According to Ricoeur, “It is here
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and writing - the tools which human
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or disclosedness (Erschlossenheit)
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exclusively from his own point of v
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the same direction as practical wis
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of ‘art’ which still stands bef
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Gadamer’s approach, however, is n
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of biology and physiology, or they
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IV.PHENOMENOLOGICAL MOMENTS IN THE
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Therefore, I would like to concentr
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classical Greek tradition of thinki
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This uneasiness in human beings, wh
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appears in the way of its appearanc
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We can sense such a philosophical d
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the act of interpreting, except whe
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phenomenological development. The p
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II.A Liberation, With a Meeting in
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denken lässt -, sondern das Leben:
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Sinn” 17 and, following this: “
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Wenn ich dieses Buch sehe, sehe ich
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Der christlich-jüdische Gott ist d
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3. A “BETTER” OR JUST “ANOTHE
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if we have two persons, a master an
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V.THE ARCHEOLOGY OF HERMENEUTIC PHE
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cosmic world, and Nietzschean nihil
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absolute lawgiver to any possible
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solitude.” 26 If there is a “hi
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of reason, as far as the single hum
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transcendental reason, 46 pure rati
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and properties of sensible phenomen
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In clear distantiation from his own
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2. HISTORY AS THE OTHER -- NOTES ON
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precisely the accomplishment of phe
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ought as such into the present, it
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educed state. As soon as the reflec
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explicitly in the Vienna lecture, w
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the task and the very environment o
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stood “from itself.” As a resul
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makes possible the further interpre
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of Being -- already grown into Bein
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the Husserlian idea of phenomenolog
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into the openness of Being, it diff
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We now need to quote a second, well
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“knowledge about the world.” In
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Husserl’s ConversionsTheological
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And this proved, probably, to be a
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Husserl’s Reflective Phenomenolog
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to beings of the same nature. But t
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worldlessness of Husserl’s intent
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According to Aristotle, intellectio
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6. RIGOR AND ORIGINARITY: THE TRANS
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The latter, the nonessential princi
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that, for Husserl, every act is ind
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not forget what Husserl meant by a-
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things, we shall comprehend by intu
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something,’ is not merely there (
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epoché in Husserl become a hermene
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When Heidegger characterizes world-