effort if this effort gives rise to it. A movement without the least withdrawal, an actionthat <strong>com</strong>presses itself proportionately to its dynamism, the effort is the reality of the self.The being of the “self” is the action through which I endlessly transform the world; hence,the cogito does not mean I think, but I can (“je peux”). 47 The body is a fascinatingillustration of what Michel Henry calls a double presence: “The body first presents itselfto us in the world and is imm<strong>ed</strong>iately interpret<strong>ed</strong> as an object of the world, something thatis visible, that I can see, touch, feel. But this is only the apparent body. The real body isthe living body, the body in which I am plac<strong>ed</strong>, that I never see and that is a cluster ofpowers – I can, I take with my hand – and I develop this power from within, outside theworld. It is a metaphysically fascinating reality because I have two bodies: visible andinvisible. The inner body that I am and is my real body is the living body, and it is withthis body that I actually walk, take, embrace, am with others.” 48 The being of the body issubjective, is absolute immanence, and is absolute transparency. 49 The division of actioncorresponds to the division of the body: on the one hand, the body in the truth of theworld (the real body, the visible body, the body-object <strong>com</strong>parable to all objects becauseit shares in their essence, the res extensa; on the other, the body in the Truth of Life, theinvisible body, the living body. 50 Therefore, the body is plac<strong>ed</strong> beside the subject sincethe experience of the subjective movement prevents its r<strong>ed</strong>uction to the condition ofobject: the being of this movement, this action and this power is that of a cogito. 51 Inother words, the body is a subjective reality, it is not an instrument. The experience wehave of the body, in the sensing of the effort, is not a simple experience that reveals anobject whose being is an “outside” of itself, in such a way that the body could be unveil<strong>ed</strong>,for example, from the exterior. The movement, the effort, is physical, 52 and thebeing of this power is that of immanence which, while moving-itself, is ex-pression: Thebody moves itself and, in this way, it be<strong>com</strong>es mobile and enters the world to ex-press,to ex-pose itself as mobile; the world, in turn, impresses itself on the body in immanence,therefore it is an originary impression that itself originates in mobility; that is, the worldpenetrates immanence as a legitimate extension of the mov<strong>ed</strong>-oneself of the subjectivebody. The movement is not an interm<strong>ed</strong>iary between the ego and the world: it is the egoitself, and its being is effort, and it is for this reason that we make our movements withoutthinking about them. Motor functions are, therefore, the condition for the possibility oftranscendence itself 53 : this pure immanence that the effort reveals and ac<strong>com</strong>plishes impliesthat the transcendental inner experience is always, too, a transcendent experience:the feeling of the effort is necessarily the revelation of a term that resists it. This resistingterm is not an object which would reveal itself to be somehow liable to oppose the effort,which would lead to the separation of consciousness from its own movement. On thecontrary, the movement is a form of specific and originary givenness which does notdepend on any representation, and resistance is correlatively the modality according to47Ibid., 73.48Ibid., 156.49Ibid., 79, 165.50Henry, C’est moi la Vérité, 301.51The profundity of this conclusion “ne réside pas dans le fait d’avoir déterminé le cogito <strong>com</strong>meun ‘je peux’, <strong>com</strong>me une action et <strong>com</strong>me un mouvement, elle consiste dans l’affirmation que l’être dece mouvement, de cette action et de ce pouvoir, est précisément celui d’un cogito.” Ibid., 74.52“Notre corps est l’ensemble des pouvoirs que nous avons sur le monde.” Ibid., 80.53Merleau-Ponty in Visible et invisible, insists on the contrary, on the dimension of belonging thatis implicit in motor functions: as intentional, it is phenomenalizing, but as motor functionality it is on theside of the transcendence that it phenomenalizes.160
which the world is originally reveal<strong>ed</strong>, the primary meaning of transcendence. 54 In short,the originary impression is neither sensory nor representative, it is motional: “As foraction or movement consider<strong>ed</strong> in themselves, they no longer belong to the sphere of thecogito, they are no longer determinations of thought but rather determinations ofextension. The normal process that takes place, for example, from the idea of a movementto the actual ac<strong>com</strong>plishment of this movement therefore poses a problem which cannotbe solv<strong>ed</strong> or even contemplat<strong>ed</strong> within the sphere of pure subjectivity, and the body whichis the milieu in which actual movements are achiev<strong>ed</strong> can only find its place in a philosophywhich has an ontological region other than that of subjectivity. Within the latter,there is place neither for action nor the body, and if the self were r<strong>ed</strong>uc<strong>ed</strong> to pure thought,it would only be a milieu of passive change in which our desires could be born but in noway achiev<strong>ed</strong>.” 55 To think about incarnation is to depart either from the resistance of thebody to the consciousness or from the impossibility to fully incorporate it.The world-of-life, of the spirit, is the world to which we only have access from withina sensitivity that is ours and only given to us through the endless game of its everchangingand renew<strong>ed</strong> subjective appearances. 56 It is this subjective life that, in additionto creating the idealities and abstractions of science convey<strong>ed</strong> by language, gives shapeto the world-of-life within which our concrete existence unfolds. Following the Greco-Hellenistic period, the phenomenological determination of language was held captive bythe insurmountable boundaries attribut<strong>ed</strong> to the concept of phenomenality, 57 but only theapprehension of pure phenomenality in its originary mode of phenomenalization cantransform our understanding of language. The word of life speaks in every living creatureas the one it engender<strong>ed</strong> at its own creation. It is on constitutive subjectivity that MichelHenry founds his philosophy of life as “auto-affection,” an affection not by the world butby oneself, and where all perception, all imagination, all conceptual thought is a heteroaffection:“It is an affection by an otherness, by this milieu of otherness whereby anythingthat is other can show itself to me, give itself to me originally as other. But if everythinggave itself to me as originally other, there would not be a Self for it to give itself to.” 58Henry plans to over<strong>com</strong>e the critique of the Husserlian aporia of the intentional constitutionof the other and develop the genetic rooting of the experience of the other asotherness to oneself, in its incarnate and reflective content. Such a return to the immanentistorder therefore leaves inter-subjectivity unresolv<strong>ed</strong>. The language of life is thefounder of the language of the world and it is in this relationship that the modes ofphenomenalization of phenomenality are manifest<strong>ed</strong>: the language of the world mergesinto the “appearance” of the world (in which everything that it says is shown), and theword of life is the Word, the originary One through which life is reveal<strong>ed</strong> unto oneself.In other words, “talkative” intentionality aiming at a transcendental signification cannotrefer to the latter other than on the condition that it is already in possession of oneself inthe self-givenness of the pathos that makes it a life. But the pathos that consciousnessexperiences is not ideal in itself. Pain is immanent to the One who suffers it and is54This is why Maine de Biran qualifi<strong>ed</strong> this pole, found through the effort, of resistant continuum,which does not designate any temporal or spatial extension. According to Henry, the determination of thereal as what resists is an a priori determination which cannot, consequently, be absent from ourexperience.55Henry, C’est moi la Vérité, 71-72.56Cf. ibid., 19.57Cf. Michel Henry, “Phénoménologie matérielle et langage,” in idem, L’épreuve de la vie (Paris:Cerf, 2001), 29.58Henry, Auto-donation, 151.161
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various forms of idealist philosoph
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self-givenness (Selbstgegebenheit)
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It must be admitted in this regard
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down and all the way back.” 51 Fo
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Heidegger characterized his own pro
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Heidegger’s transcendental-existe
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perceived world” (PP, 25), Merlea
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in the unreflected, in “perceptio
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Nor would Merleau-Ponty have had an
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a way that we do not all crash into
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“I think” but in “the dialogu
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in existence a “super-abundance o
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crucial “other” in our becoming
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to its being grounded in terms of b
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(“History is this quasi-‘thing
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manner (statistical or regression a
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and they are such, precisely becaus
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interpreted the world, and that the
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is not rationalist or idealist in t
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title Herbert Spiegelberg gave to h
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II.TOWARD A TELOS OF SIGNIFYING COM
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published in Being and Having. 12 T
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inside me which makes me able to re
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or is not existence something that
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ReflectionPhilosophical thought is
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attempt at unification, the reflect
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thereof. And an ethical aspect: tha
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According to Ricoeur, “It is here
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the most meaningful contemporary sw
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ival hermeneutics that we perceive
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more pronounced recoil whereby the
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these structures throughout the who
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By seeking a deeper unity of Dasein
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folds a pre-given set of possibilit
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of experience is correlated to a pa
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explanations of causal events in th
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accept one argument over another. A
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a subtle dialectic between argument
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or warrant an assertion. Such fulfi
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the assertive vehemence of the hist
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positions of the subject. For memor
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attestation slips a plurality, most
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What confidence in the word of othe
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From where, perhaps, the place of t
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Sans le correctif du commandement d
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life), Rembrandt proposes an interp
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only as a place made for oneself as
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Wenn ich dieses Buch sehe, sehe ich
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Der christlich-jüdische Gott ist d
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3. A “BETTER” OR JUST “ANOTHE
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if we have two persons, a master an
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V.THE ARCHEOLOGY OF HERMENEUTIC PHE
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cosmic world, and Nietzschean nihil
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absolute lawgiver to any possible
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solitude.” 26 If there is a “hi
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of reason, as far as the single hum
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transcendental reason, 46 pure rati
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and properties of sensible phenomen
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In clear distantiation from his own
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2. HISTORY AS THE OTHER -- NOTES ON
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precisely the accomplishment of phe
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ought as such into the present, it
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educed state. As soon as the reflec
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explicitly in the Vienna lecture, w
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the task and the very environment o
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stood “from itself.” As a resul
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makes possible the further interpre
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of Being -- already grown into Bein
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the Husserlian idea of phenomenolog
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into the openness of Being, it diff
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We now need to quote a second, well
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“knowledge about the world.” In
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Husserl’s ConversionsTheological
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And this proved, probably, to be a
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Husserl’s Reflective Phenomenolog
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to beings of the same nature. But t
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worldlessness of Husserl’s intent
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According to Aristotle, intellectio
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6. RIGOR AND ORIGINARITY: THE TRANS
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The latter, the nonessential princi
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that, for Husserl, every act is ind
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not forget what Husserl meant by a-
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things, we shall comprehend by intu
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something,’ is not merely there (
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epoché in Husserl become a hermene
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When Heidegger characterizes world-