Eighth to the Sixteenth Century - Rashid Islamic Center

xxiv • The Making of Islamic ScienceIbn al-Shatir (1304–1375) Damascene astronomerwho developed the concept of planetary motion andastronomically defined the times of prayerIbn al-Banna (d. 1321)Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d. 1350)Ibn Battutah (1304–d.1368 or 1377) famed traveler,covered 75,000 miles in 22 years across Europe, Africa,the Middle East, and Asia, made extensive contributions togeography1308–1312 Mali sultans traveled across the Atlantic, explored thelands around the Gulf of Mexico and the American interiorvia the Mississippi Riveral-Khalili (1320–1380) astronomer compiled extensivetables for astronomical useKamaluddin Farsi (d. 1320) astronomer who improved Ibnal-Haytham’s Optics, studied reflection and the rainbowIbn Khaldun (1332–1406) philosopher of history andsociety, wrote a universal history MuqaddimahQutb al-Din Shirazi (1236–1311) astronomer who perfectedPtolemaic planetary theoryca. 1313Golden Horde Mongol khans converted to IslamIzz al Dinn al Jaldaki (d. 1360) chemistUlugh Beg (1394–1449) ruler of Samarqand and anaccomplished astronomer; his astronomical observatorycompleted in 1429Fifteenth CenturyTimur (d. 1405) ruled from the Ganges to theMediterraneanAl-Umawi (1400–1489) mathematician who wrote works onarithmetic and mensurationAl-Qalasida (1412–1486) mathematician who introducedideas of algebraic symbolism by using letters in place ofnumbers