Index • 285caliphate 9-11, 157Canon of Medicine xxi, 98, 121, 123,243Can<strong>to</strong>r, Geoffery viiiCatching up syndrome 213causality 58, 61, 111, 232, 252China 144, 145Chittick, William C. 108, 110, 111Christianity viii, ix, 67-69, 76, 77, 79,83, 93, 119and science x, 65, 122, 161Cicero 130colonization xi, 77, 135, 152, 153, 155,158, 160, 185, 193Commission for Scientific Miracles ofQurāĀn and Sunnah 189Constantine <strong>the</strong> African 119Constantinople 156Copernicus 55, 125, 223cosmology 7–12, 29, 32, 36, 89–103,107–111, 146, 177, 190Aris<strong>to</strong>telian 30, 92, 94Peripatetic 97Sufi 108cot<strong>to</strong>n 252creatio ex nihilo 88, 92creational-Biruni’s view 62, 101Aris<strong>to</strong>tle’s view 21, 95criticized 199Mu‘tazilah and Asha‘irah view 32Qur’anic account 2, 5, 30, 58, 88-92scientific exegeses 177–182versus eternity 103–116Crusades xxxi, 128, 129DDamascus 10, 24, 46, 52, 54, 109, 269Dante Alighieri 130Dar al-Harb 163Darwin, Charles 73, 168, 177-83, 223,274Darwinism 168, 177-82Davidson, Herbert A. 104, 106Delhi xxvi, 108, 156, 164dîn 66, 70Dutch 130, 150EEast India Company 152Ea<strong>to</strong>n, Charles Le Gai 165, 201Egypt 149, 151, 154, 179-81, 213, 216,218, 219Einstein 67, 198, 223Electra 130Empedocles 79essence, mâhiyyah 31, 92, 95, 98, 114,233, 242, 250Euclid 48, 97, 122evolution 73, 178, 180-83, 196, 206-8exegesis 109, 175, 176ex nihilo 32, 101Ffalasifa 121fatwa 82, 163, 214, 216Feingold 131, 132Fez 109fiqh 83Fuchs, Leonhart 134GGalen 14, 133, 246Galileo, Galilei ix, 65, 76, 79, 134, 173Generation and Corruption 240geography 7, 17, 29, 35-38, 41-45, 84,140, 156Balkhi School 40<strong>Islamic</strong> car<strong>to</strong>graphy 17, 37, 43geology 61, 62, 140, 177, 190Gerard of Cremona xxii, 45, 121, 123,243
286 • The Making of <strong>Islamic</strong> ScienceGerbert of Aurillac 118gnostic 99, 112, 115God 2–6, 21, 37, 66, 67, 80, 95, 99,161, 165, 191, 206–209, 248, 250and causality 252, 258, 259Aris<strong>to</strong>tle’s concept of 21, 22as Crea<strong>to</strong>r 4, 30, 87, 91, 95, 103–111,182, 183, 198attributes of 4, 44, 55, 89, 92, 93, 101in Illuminationist philosophy 100as seen by Muslim scientists 43, 46,51, 52, 61, 98, 101, 174–177as seen by mutakallimun 61Tawhid (Oneness of) x, 5, 89–91, 96Goldziher, Ignaz 18, 69, 76, 77, 79, 80,82, 83, 143, 144, 145, 146, 170Goldziherism 81, 144, 146Greaves, John 132, 133Greek philosophy xii, 82, 85, 97Guénon, René 201-3, 204guilds 9Gutas, Dimitri 14, 16, 24, 25, 76, 77HHabash, al-Hasib 51Hadith 1, 80, 108, 128, 190Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich 183Hanafi 163, 176Hanbali 77Haq, Syed Nomanul 4, 5, 33Hassan, Hussein 183Heisenberg, Werner 186, 187hermeneutics 24, 104, 192hikmah 82, 83, 205, 208Hindu 9, 45, 46, 79, 101Hodgson, Marshall G. S. 153, 155Hoodbhoy 86Huff, Toby E. 69, 144-46Hugh of Santalla 120human being xii, 3, 4, 22, 23, 66, 73,103, 177, 212, 216, 217, 224, 225,247, 248humanists 131, 134Hunayn ibn Ishaq 25, 124Husayn bin Ali 10Hussein al-Jisr 182IIbn al-Bitriq 24Ibn al-Haytham 14, 15, 22, 51, 54, 126,134, 158, 223Ibn al-Muqaffa 24Ibn al-Nafis 138Ibn al-Shatir xxiv, 52, 54, 57, 138, 158Ibn Battuta 41Ibn Jubayr 41Ibn Khaldun 23Ibn Khurradadhbih 39, 40Ibn Na‘ima 24Ibn Rushd 22, 32, 54, 74, 80, 82, 83,84-86, 97, 98, 106, 109, 112, 123,124, 130, 144, 247, 252Ibn Sina xiv, 22, 32, 34, 62, 74, 75, 80,86, 88, 97-100, 102, 103, 106, 108,112, 115, 121-24, 130, 158, 236, 237,243, 248Ibn Tufayl xiv, 104, 105Ibn Yunus 52Ibrahim Pasha 156Ijmalis 196-99ijtihad 215, 216Ikhwan al-Safa’ 183ilm 80intellectual sciences 114International Institute of <strong>Islamic</strong>Thought 195Iqbal, Muzaffar 80, 236Isfahan 48, 114, 137, 141, 142, 155Islam and science i, vii-xiii, xxvii, 1, 5,6, 14, 19, 20, 22, 66-69, 71-76, 79,80, 85, 87, 116, 117, 135, 140, 143,148-54, 158-61, 166, 167, 170-77,
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LJThe Making of Islamic Science is
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The Making ofIslamic ScienceMuzaffa
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ContentsPrefaceChronology of Events
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viii • The Making of Islamic Scie
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L1JIntroductionIt can be said that
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Introduction • 3had spread throug
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The Mosque, the Laboratory, and the
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