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Eighth to the Sixteenth Century - Rashid Islamic Center

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288 • The Making of <strong>Islamic</strong> ScienceMir Damad 114missionaries 179mithaq 4modernity xii, 160, 194, 202, 219, 220modern science i, viii-xii, xxvii, xxix,31, 73, 74, 110, 139, 145, 147, 154,159-66, 172, 174, 176, 177, 179, 184,185, 186, 187, 189, 191-209, 214,215, 219, 220, 221, 225-28, 231, 263,269, 274, 276, 278monastery 54, 118, 119, 120Mongol 107, 108, 112, 142, 149, 150,153Moore, Keith 190, 191, 193Moral and Ethical Issues 73biogenetics 198–278fatwas 216Muhammad Ali 154, 155Muhammad, <strong>the</strong> prophet xxx, 17, 66,77Muir, William 165Musnad of Ahmad 80Mustafa Kemal 157, 158, 173, 183mutakallimun 61Mu‘tazilah 32NNapoleon xxvi, 151, 154Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 2, 5, 35, 43, 93,98-102, 112, 114, 115, 201, 205, 206nature, innate (fitrah) 66, 248work of God 161Necessary Being 99, 115nécheris 168, 169New<strong>to</strong>n, Isaac 67, 150, 173Novum Organum 133Nursi, Badiuzzeman Said 161, 173, 174Oobserva<strong>to</strong>riesMaragha 54, 56Samarqand 48, 52, 53, 55, 72, 227Olson, Richard 65-68on<strong>to</strong>logy 194, 198optics 60, 122Organization of <strong>Islamic</strong> Conference160, 217Organon 97orientalism 128, 133orientalists 12, 16, 145Orpheus 130orthodoxy 16, 76, 77, 81, 140, 142, 146Ot<strong>to</strong>man Empire 132, 154Tulip Age 151Ot<strong>to</strong>mans 42, 131, 151, 152, 155-57Oxford 126, 132, 165PPahlavi 23, 42, 156Paris 78, 124, 126, 130, 170, 185Peripatetic 93, 97, 99, 100, 108, 112,115, 237Perry, Whitall N. 207Philoponus 93, 105Pingree, David 9, 12Pla<strong>to</strong> 38, 94, 130Pla<strong>to</strong> of Tivoli 121Plotinus 33, 34, 93, 94Pope Sylvester II 118Portuguese 42, 150posterior analytics 122precursorism 26Principia 151Prophet of Islam xiii, xxx, 17, 63, 66,69, 80, 89, 128psychology 39, 63P<strong>to</strong>lemy 38, 54, 56, 97, 122QQajar 156qiblah xxxii, 36, 37, 39, 42, 43, 50, 51quiddity 114, 115Qum 142QurāĀn xxxii–6, 8, 17, 19, 31, 36, 37,

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