Index • 287183-89, 191, 193, 194, 196, 199, 200,205, 208, 213, 218, 219, 221, 231,252, 263, 266-68, 276, 277colonial era 154–158Islam as a justifier of science161–174modern approaches 158, 186–190,219–221nexus 57, 73, 74, 80scienctific tafsir 174–177<strong>Islamic</strong> art 58<strong>Islamic</strong> astronomy 9, 13, 52, 53, 54<strong>Islamic</strong> orthodoxy 76, 81, 140, 142,146<strong>Islamic</strong> philosophy 59, 82, 112, 113,161, 208<strong>Islamic</strong> science 14, 16, 18, 19, 26, 77,117, 143, 147, 172, 196, 198, 223-26,228, 229Islamization 86, 195, 196Islamize 88, 195Ismail Mazhar 183Istanbul 56Izutsu 3, 115JJabir bin Aflah 54, 122Jabir bin Hayyan 7, 11, 12, 33, 106Jansen, J. J. G. 175, 268Jawhari, Tantawi 176Jesuits 180John of Seville 120, 121Kkalam 107Kalin, Ibrahim 194, 202, 205, 206Kant, Immanuel 65Katibi 112Kemal, Namik 161, 173Kennedy, E.S. 12, 28, 35, 53, 55Kenny, Chris viiiKepler, Johannes ix, 173, 223Khan, Nadir 155Khan, Sayyid Ahmad 160-66Khawarij 10King, David 17, 139Kitab al-Manazir 22Kitab al-Tawhid 183knowledge, ilm 22, 50, 69, 121, 151Kufa 10, 231Kuhn, Thomas 145Kushyar bin Labban 46LLatin translations 45, 119Lindberg, David 143, 144Lings, Martin 67, 201, 206, 207logic xix, xxxi, 39, 52, 82-84, 97, 100,105, 122, 227, 246, 275MMadinah xxx, xxxii, 7, 8, 10, 14, 37Maimonides 88, 104Makdisi, George 76Makkah xxx, xxxii, 10, 17, 35-37, 40,43, 50, 51, 52, 109, 154, 163, 168Manzoor, Pervez S. 199Maragha 54-56ma<strong>the</strong>matics xviii, 12, 21, 23, 35, 37,45-48, 51, 52, 70, 79, 118, 122, 142,146, 156, 173, 215, 262, 263, 278mawaqeet 17McVaugh, Michael 119medicine xviii, xix, xx, 7, 8, 11, 12,50, 63, 64, 79, 83, 98, 119, 122, 123,134, 138, 156, 190, 215, 243-45, 247,252, 254, 269, 270Prophetic 7Merv 10, 37Metaphysica 93metaphysics 21, 39, 97, 103, 114, 194,200, 206, 208, 246mineralogy 62, 253miracle 257, 259
288 • The Making of <strong>Islamic</strong> ScienceMir Damad 114missionaries 179mithaq 4modernity xii, 160, 194, 202, 219, 220modern science i, viii-xii, xxvii, xxix,31, 73, 74, 110, 139, 145, 147, 154,159-66, 172, 174, 176, 177, 179, 184,185, 186, 187, 189, 191-209, 214,215, 219, 220, 221, 225-28, 231, 263,269, 274, 276, 278monastery 54, 118, 119, 120Mongol 107, 108, 112, 142, 149, 150,153Moore, Keith 190, 191, 193Moral and Ethical Issues 73biogenetics 198–278fatwas 216Muhammad Ali 154, 155Muhammad, <strong>the</strong> prophet xxx, 17, 66,77Muir, William 165Musnad of Ahmad 80Mustafa Kemal 157, 158, 173, 183mutakallimun 61Mu‘tazilah 32NNapoleon xxvi, 151, 154Nasr, Seyyed Hossein 2, 5, 35, 43, 93,98-102, 112, 114, 115, 201, 205, 206nature, innate (fitrah) 66, 248work of God 161Necessary Being 99, 115nécheris 168, 169New<strong>to</strong>n, Isaac 67, 150, 173Novum Organum 133Nursi, Badiuzzeman Said 161, 173, 174Oobserva<strong>to</strong>riesMaragha 54, 56Samarqand 48, 52, 53, 55, 72, 227Olson, Richard 65-68on<strong>to</strong>logy 194, 198optics 60, 122Organization of <strong>Islamic</strong> Conference160, 217Organon 97orientalism 128, 133orientalists 12, 16, 145Orpheus 130orthodoxy 16, 76, 77, 81, 140, 142, 146Ot<strong>to</strong>man Empire 132, 154Tulip Age 151Ot<strong>to</strong>mans 42, 131, 151, 152, 155-57Oxford 126, 132, 165PPahlavi 23, 42, 156Paris 78, 124, 126, 130, 170, 185Peripatetic 93, 97, 99, 100, 108, 112,115, 237Perry, Whitall N. 207Philoponus 93, 105Pingree, David 9, 12Pla<strong>to</strong> 38, 94, 130Pla<strong>to</strong> of Tivoli 121Plotinus 33, 34, 93, 94Pope Sylvester II 118Portuguese 42, 150posterior analytics 122precursorism 26Principia 151Prophet of Islam xiii, xxx, 17, 63, 66,69, 80, 89, 128psychology 39, 63P<strong>to</strong>lemy 38, 54, 56, 97, 122QQajar 156qiblah xxxii, 36, 37, 39, 42, 43, 50, 51quiddity 114, 115Qum 142QurāĀn xxxii–6, 8, 17, 19, 31, 36, 37,
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L1JIntroductionIt can be said that
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