A History of English Language

Foreign influences on old english 97
Knowledge,” Anglo-Saxon England, 18 (1989), 149–206. The standard discussion of the
Scandinavian element in English is E.Björkman’s Scandinavian Loan-words in Middle English
(Halle, 1900–1902), which may be supplemented by his “Zur dialektischen Provenienz der
nordischen Lehnworter im Englischen,” Språkvetenskapliga sällskapets i Upsala forhandlingar
1897–1900 (1901), pp. 1–28, and Nordische Personnamen in England in alt-und
frühmittelenglischer Zeit (Halle, Germany, 1910). Earlier studies include A. Wall’s “A
Contribution towards the Study of the Scandinavian Element in the English Dialects,” Anglia,
20 (1898), 45–135, and G.T. Flom’s Scandinavian Influence on Southern Lowland Scotch (New
York, 1900). More recent scholarship is surveyed by B.H.Hansen, “The Historical Implications
of the Scandinavian Linguistic Element in English: A Theoretical Evaluation,” Nowele, 4
(1984), 53–95. The Scandinavian influence on local nomenclature is extensively treated in
H.Lindkvist’s Middle-English Place-Names of Scandinavian Origin, part I (Uppsala, Sweden,
1912). Gillian Fellows-Jensen has published a valuable series of studies on place-names,
including Scandinavian Settlement Names in Yorkshire (Copenhagen, 1972), and, in similar
format, Scandinavian Settlement Names in the East Midlands (Copenhagen, 1978) and
Scandinavian Settlement Names in the North-West (Copenhagen, 1985). The claims for
Scandinavian influence on English grammar and syntax are set forth in the articles mentioned in
footnotes to § 79. Much of this material is embodied in an excellent overall treatment by John
Geipel, The Viking Legacy: The Scandinavian Influence on the English and Gaelic Languages
(Newton Abbot, UK, 1971). Literary and historical relations between Anglo-Saxons and
Vikings are treated in recent essays collected in John D.Niles and Mark Amodio, eds., Anglo-
Scandinavian England (Lanham, MD, 1989) and in Donald Scragg, ed., The Battle of Maldon
AD 991 (Oxford, 1991).