A History of English Language

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[ ] enclose phonetic symbols and transcriptions. : after a symbol indicates that the sound is long. ′ before a syllable indicates primary stress: [ə′bΛv] above. In other than phonetic transcriptions ę and indicate open vowels, ẹ and ọ indicate close vowels. * denotes a hypothetical form. > denotes ‘develops into’;
1 English Present and Future 1. The History of the English Language as a Cultural Subject. It was observed by that remarkable twelfth-century chronicler Henry of Huntington that an interest in the past was one of the distinguishing characteristics of humans as compared with the other animals. The medium by which speakers of a language communicate their thoughts and feelings to others, the tool with which they conduct their business or the government of millions of people, the vehicle by which has been transmitted the science, the philosophy, the poetry of the culture is surely worthy of study. It is not to be expected that everyone should be a philologist or should master the technicalities of linguistic science. But it is reasonable to assume that a liberally educated person should know something of the structure of his or her language, its position in the world and its relation to other tongues, the wealth of its vocabulary together with the sources from which that vocabulary has been and is being enriched, and the complex relationships among the many different varieties of speech that are gathered under the single name of the English language. The diversity of cultures that find expression in it is a reminder that the history of English is a story of cultures in contact during the past 1,500 years. It understates matters to say that political, economic, and social forces influence a language. These forces shape the language in every aspect, most obviously in the number and spread of its speakers, and in what is called “the sociology of language,” but also in the meanings of words, in the accents of the spoken language, and even in the structures of the grammar. The history of a language is intimately bound up with the history of the peoples who speak it. The purpose of this book, then, is to treat the history of English not only as being of interest to the specialized student but also as a cultural subject within the view of all educated people, while including enough references to technical matters to make clear the scientific principles involved in linguistic evolution. 2. Influences at Work on Language. The English language of today reflects many centuries of development. The political and social events that have in the course of English history so profoundly affected the English people in their national life have generally had a recognizable effect on their language. The Roman Christianizing of Britain in 597 brought England into contact with Latin civilization and made significant additions to our vocabulary. The Scandinavian invasions resulted in a considerable mixture of the two peoples and their languages. The Norman Conquest made English for two centuries the language mainly of the lower classes while the nobles and those associated with them used French on almost all occasions. And when English once more regained supremacy as the language of all
Page 2 and 3: A History of the English Language F
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Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface viii 1 English Pre
Page 9 and 10: Preface Before the present author e
Page 11: PHONETIC SYMBOLS [a] in father [a]
Page 15 and 16: English present and future 3 4. The
Page 17 and 18: English present and future 5 increa
Page 19 and 20: English present and future 7 French
Page 21 and 22: English present and future 9 learne
Page 23 and 24: English present and future 11 words
Page 25 and 26: English present and future 13 our t
Page 27 and 28: English present and future 15 World
Page 29 and 30: The Indo-European family of languag
Page 51 and 52: Old english 39 extended beyond a pr
Page 53 and 54: Old english 41 hundred towns, with
Page 55 and 56: Old english 43 whom almost certainl
Page 57 and 58: Old english 45 36. The Names “Eng
Page 59 and 60: Old english 47 39. The Dialects of
Page 61 and 62: Old english 49 fæger (fair), or s
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Old english 51 present the inflecti
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Old english 53 While the ordinary m
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Old english 55 The origin of the de
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Old english 57
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Old english 59 ‘proudly’, and t
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Old english 61 a saddle, the shield
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Old english 63 people. The literatu
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Old english 65 history of the rest
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4 Foreign Influences on Old English
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Foreign influences on old english 6
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The norman conquest and the subject
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The reestablishment of english, 120
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Middle english 147 and adjective ma
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Middle english 149 is clear that th
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Middle english 151 While an occasio
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Middle english 153 mations has been
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Middle english 155 the reality of M
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Middle english 157 the French words
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Middle english 159 brandish, vanqui
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Middle english 161 all the words in
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Middle english 163 whether found in
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Middle english 165 English vocabula
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Middle english 167 English word occ
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Middle english 169 French: forcover
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Middle english 171 142. Latin Borro
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Middle english 173 far this affecta
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Middle english 175 native populatio
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Middle english 177 the Middle Engli
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Middle english 179 148. The Rise of
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Middle english 181 the precise form
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Middle english 183 leef or tweyne,
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Middle english 185 phonology and mo
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8 The Renaissance, 1500-1650 152. C
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 189 bein
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 191 disc
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 193 well
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 195 That
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 197 cent
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 199 I la
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 201 expr
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 203 they
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 205 your
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 207 160.
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 209 anac
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 211 word
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 213 seve
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 215 of t
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 217 rein
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 219 heap
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 221 occu
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 223 Such
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 227 sugg
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 229 It m
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 231 spea
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 235 good
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 237 Sixt
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The appeal to authority, 1650-1800
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10 The Nineteenth Century and After
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The nineteenth century and after 28
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11 The English Language in America
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The english language in america 333
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APPENDIX A Specimens of the Middle
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Appendix A 389 East Midland The Bes
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Appendix A 391 down to the ground a
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Appendix A 393 Ac ich alle blisse m
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Appendix A 395 Characteristic of th
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Appendix A 397 Of Engelond, to Caun
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APPENDIX B English Spelling The fol
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Appendix B 401 straunge wordes as l
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Appendix B 403 more he tooke God so
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Appendix B 405 words, whose Etymolo
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Index 407 Alabama, 354 Albanian bra
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Index 409 Bacon, Francis, 261 Bacon
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Brakelond, Jocelyn de, 122, 124 Bra
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Index 413 Chamberlain, John, 209, 4
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Index 415 words from, 303 Dalby, D.
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Index 417 East Africa, English lang
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Index 419 Flügel, Ewald, 286 Folio
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Index 421 Goodenough, Ward H., 40 G
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Hill, A.A., 402 Hill, David, 72-73
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Index 425 Jackson, Kenneth, 72 Jaes
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Index 427 Lance, Donald M., 407 Lan
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Index 429 Lycian, 26 Lydgate, John,
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Index 431 Milton, John, 183, 224, 2
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Index 433 Nunnally, Thomas, 407 Nyn
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Peterborough Chronicle, 166 Peterho
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Index 437 Quirk, Randolph, 56, 316
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St. Mary’s Abbey, York, 147 Sallu
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Index 441 Society of Antiquaries, 2
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Index 443 Scandinavian, influence o
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Index 445 Verb-adverb combinations,
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Index 447 Woodbine, George E., 157
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A History of English Language

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