A History of English Language

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Appendix A 388 Of Ingland þe nacion— Es Inglis man þar in commun— speche þat man wit mast may spede, Mast þar-wit to speke war nede. Selden was for ani chance 25 Praised Inglis tong in france. Give we ilkan þare langage, Me think we do þam non outrage. To laud and Inglis man i spell understandes þat i tell…. 30 TRANSLATION: These are the matters explained in a row that I think in this book to draw, shortly riming in the doing, for many are they who can profit thereby. Methinks it were useful to man to know himself, how he began,—how he began to breed in the world, how his offspring began to spread, both first and last, through what kind of course this world has passed. After Holy Church’s state this same book is translated into the English tongue to read, for the love of English people, English people of England, for the commons to understand. French rimes I commonly hear read in every place: most is it wrought for Frenchmen. What is there for him who knows no French? Concerning England the nation—the Englishman is common therein—the speech that man may speed most with, it were most need to speak therewith. Seldom was by any chance English tongue praised in France. Let us give each their language: methinks we do them no outrage. To layman and Englishman I speak, that understand what I tell. OBSERVATIONS: The most distinctive feature of the Northern dialect is the retention of OE ā as an a, whereas it became an o in all the other dialects: raw (1), knaw (6), bath (9), haly (11), mast (19, etc.: Northumbrian māst), na (20). Northern shares with all non-W.S. dialects for W.S. dede (3) rhyming with spede (OE spēdan), rede (13) rhyming with lede (OE lēod), etc. Characteristic of the Northern is the spelling qu– for hw-: quatking (10), quat (20); the retention of a hard consonant in kyrces (11), ilk (12), ilka(n) (18, 27); s for sh in Inglis (13, 14), Frankis (17). The pres. participle ends in -and: rimand (3), the 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic. in -es: understandes (30). The verb to be shows typical Northern forms in es (10, 12, etc.) for is, er (4) and are (1), and the pret. plur. ware (5), with a from Scandinavian influence, corresponding to Midland wẹren, Southern węren. With this may be compared þar (22: ON þar)=Southern þer. The infinitive at understand (16) likewise points to Scandinavian influence and the north. The 3rd pers. plur. pronoun in th– is a Northern characteristic at this date, especially in the oblique cases: þai (4) þare (27), þam (28).
Appendix A 389 East Midland The Bestiary, c. 1250. Cethegrande is a fis ðe moste ðat in water is; ðat tu wuldes seien get, gef ðu it soge wan it flet, ðat it were an eilond 5 ðat sete one ðe se sond. ðis fis ðat is unride, ðanne him hungreð he gapeð wide; ut of his ðrote smit an onde, ðe swetteste ðing ðat is on londe; 10 ðer-fore oðre fisse to him dragen; wan he it felen he aren fagen; he cumen and hoven in his muð; of his swike he arn uncuð ðis cete ðenne hise chaveles lukeð, 15 ðise fisses alle in sukeð; ðe smale he wile ðus biswiken, ðe grete maig he nogt bigripen. ðis fis wuneð wið ðe se grund, and liveð ðer evre heil and sund, 20 til it cumeð ðe time ðe storm stireð al ðe se, ðanne sumer and winter winnen; ne mai it wunen ðer Ser-inne, So drovi is te sees grund, 25 ne mai he wunen ðer ðat stund, oc stireð up and hoveð stille; wiles [ðat] weder is so ille, ðe sipes ðat arn on se fordriven,— loð hem is ded, and lef to liven,—30 biloken hem and sen ðis fis; an eilond he wenen it is, ðer-of he aren swiðe fagen, and mid here migt ðat-to he dragen,
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A History of the English Language F
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A History of the English Language F
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Contents Preface viii 1 English Pre
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Preface Before the present author e
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PHONETIC SYMBOLS [a] in father [a]
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1 English Present and Future 1. The
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English present and future 3 4. The
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English present and future 5 increa
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English present and future 7 French
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English present and future 9 learne
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English present and future 11 words
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English present and future 13 our t
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English present and future 15 World
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The Indo-European family of languag
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Old english 39 extended beyond a pr
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Old english 41 hundred towns, with
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Old english 43 whom almost certainl
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Old english 45 36. The Names “Eng
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Old english 47 39. The Dialects of
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Old english 49 fæger (fair), or s
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Old english 51 present the inflecti
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Old english 53 While the ordinary m
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Old english 55 The origin of the de
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Old english 57
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Old english 59 ‘proudly’, and t
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Old english 61 a saddle, the shield
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Old english 63 people. The literatu
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Old english 65 history of the rest
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4 Foreign Influences on Old English
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Foreign influences on old english 6
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The norman conquest and the subject
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The reestablishment of english, 120
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Middle english 147 and adjective ma
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Middle english 149 is clear that th
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Middle english 151 While an occasio
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Middle english 153 mations has been
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Middle english 155 the reality of M
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Middle english 157 the French words
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Middle english 159 brandish, vanqui
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Middle english 161 all the words in
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Middle english 163 whether found in
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Middle english 165 English vocabula
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Middle english 167 English word occ
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Middle english 169 French: forcover
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Middle english 171 142. Latin Borro
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Middle english 173 far this affecta
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Middle english 175 native populatio
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Middle english 177 the Middle Engli
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Middle english 179 148. The Rise of
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Middle english 181 the precise form
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Middle english 183 leef or tweyne,
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Middle english 185 phonology and mo
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8 The Renaissance, 1500-1650 152. C
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 189 bein
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 191 disc
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 193 well
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 195 That
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 197 cent
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 199 I la
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 201 expr
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 203 they
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 205 your
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 207 160.
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 209 anac
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 211 word
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 213 seve
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 215 of t
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 217 rein
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 219 heap
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 221 occu
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 223 Such
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 227 sugg
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 229 It m
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 231 spea
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 235 good
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 237 Sixt
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The appeal to authority, 1650-1800
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10 The Nineteenth Century and After
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The nineteenth century and after 28
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11 The English Language in America
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The english language in america 333
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The english language in america 335
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Page 399: APPENDIX A Specimens of the Middle
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Page 419 and 420: Index 407 Alabama, 354 Albanian bra
Page 421 and 422: Index 409 Bacon, Francis, 261 Bacon
Page 423 and 424: Brakelond, Jocelyn de, 122, 124 Bra
Page 425 and 426: Index 413 Chamberlain, John, 209, 4
Page 427 and 428: Index 415 words from, 303 Dalby, D.
Page 429 and 430: Index 417 East Africa, English lang
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Page 433 and 434: Index 421 Goodenough, Ward H., 40 G
Page 435 and 436: Hill, A.A., 402 Hill, David, 72-73
Page 437 and 438: Index 425 Jackson, Kenneth, 72 Jaes
Page 439 and 440: Index 427 Lance, Donald M., 407 Lan
Page 441 and 442: Index 429 Lycian, 26 Lydgate, John,
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Page 449 and 450: Index 437 Quirk, Randolph, 56, 316
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St. Mary’s Abbey, York, 147 Sallu
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Index 441 Society of Antiquaries, 2
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Index 443 Scandinavian, influence o
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Index 445 Verb-adverb combinations,
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Index 447 Woodbine, George E., 157
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A History of English Language

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