A History of English Language

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Appendix A 398 Hir nose tretys; hir eyen greye as glas; Hir mouth ful smal, and ther-to softe and reed; But sikerly she hadde a fair forheed; 55 It was almost a spanne brood, I trowe; For, hardily, she was nat undergrowe. Ful fetis was hir cloke, as I was war. Of smal coral aboute hir arm she bar A peire of bedes, gauded al with grene; 60 And ther-on heng a broche of gold ful shene, On which ther was first write a crowned A, And after, Amor vincit omnia. OBSERVATIONS: The language of Chaucer may be taken as representing with enough accuracy the dialect of London at the end of the fourteenth century. It is prevailingly East Midland with some Southern and Kentish features. The latter are a little more prominent in Chaucer than in the nonliterary London documents of the same date. Among the usual East Midland developments may be noted OE ā as ō: so (11), goon (12), holy (17), etc.; OE as a: that (1), spak (25), smal (54), war (58), bar (59); the unrounding of OE to i: swich (3), which (4) first (62), but Kentish e is to be noted in lest (33: OE lyst) and possible evidence of the Western and Southwestern rounding in the u of Canterbury (16) and much (33) although the u in these words can be otherwise accounted for; OE as e: seke (18), cleped (22), depe (30), brest (32), ferthing (35), weep (49), herte (51). Since the W.S.diphthong is replaced in all other districts by e, Chaucer has yerde (50). His inflectional forms are mostly East Midland. Thus he has the usual East Midland in -eð the 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic.: hath (2, 6, 8), priketh (11), and the plural in -en or -e: maken (9), slepen (10), longen (12), wende (16), were (18). The feminine pronoun in the nominative is she; the plural forms are they (16, 18), hir (11), hem (11). In his past participles he shows a mixture of Midland and Southern tendencies. Characteristic of East Midland is the loss of the prefix y– and the retention of the final -n: holpen (18), dronken (36), holden (42), but he has the Southern y– in y-ronne (8), y-taught (28), and the loss of -n in unknowe (27), write (62), etc. The infinitive has the usual Midland -n in goon (12), seken (13), been (41), ben (42), speken (43), but the Southern absence of -n in falle (29), carie (31), kepe (31), countrefete (40), wepe (45).
APPENDIX B English Spelling The following specimens are intended to illustrate the discussion in § 156. The first quotation, from the Ormulum, is included as the earliest conscious attempt at reform. The others illustrate either avowed efforts at uniform practice, or self-evident striving, within limits, at consistency. Dedication to the Ormulum, c. 1200. Nu, broþerr Wallterr, broþerr min & broþerr min i Crisstenndom & broþerr min i Godess hus, þurrh þatt witt hafenn takenn ba Unnderr kanunnkess had & lif, Icc hafe don swa summ þu badd, Icc hafe wennd inntill Ennglissh Affterr þatt little witt þatt me þu þohhtesst tatt itt mihhte wel Ennglissh follc, forr lufe off Crist, & itt & fillenn itt & forrþi tu þatt icc & icc itt hafe forþedd te, & unnc birrþ baþe þannkenn Crist Icc hafe sammnedd o þiss boc þatt sinndenn o þe messeboc & affterr þe goddspell stannt þatt mann birrþ spellenn to þe follc affterr þe flæshess kinde; þrrh fulluhht & þurrh trowwþe; o þe þride wise, I
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A History of the English Language F
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A History of the English Language F
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Contents Preface viii 1 English Pre
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Preface Before the present author e
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PHONETIC SYMBOLS [a] in father [a]
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1 English Present and Future 1. The
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English present and future 3 4. The
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English present and future 5 increa
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English present and future 7 French
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English present and future 9 learne
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English present and future 11 words
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English present and future 13 our t
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English present and future 15 World
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The Indo-European family of languag
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Old english 39 extended beyond a pr
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Old english 41 hundred towns, with
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Old english 43 whom almost certainl
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Old english 45 36. The Names “Eng
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Old english 47 39. The Dialects of
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Old english 49 fæger (fair), or s
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Old english 51 present the inflecti
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Old english 53 While the ordinary m
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Old english 55 The origin of the de
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Old english 57
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Old english 59 ‘proudly’, and t
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Old english 61 a saddle, the shield
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Old english 63 people. The literatu
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Old english 65 history of the rest
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4 Foreign Influences on Old English
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Foreign influences on old english 6
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The norman conquest and the subject
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The reestablishment of english, 120
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Middle english 147 and adjective ma
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Middle english 149 is clear that th
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Middle english 151 While an occasio
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Middle english 153 mations has been
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Middle english 155 the reality of M
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Middle english 157 the French words
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Middle english 159 brandish, vanqui
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Middle english 161 all the words in
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Middle english 163 whether found in
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Middle english 165 English vocabula
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Middle english 167 English word occ
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Middle english 169 French: forcover
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Middle english 171 142. Latin Borro
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Middle english 173 far this affecta
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Middle english 175 native populatio
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Middle english 177 the Middle Engli
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Middle english 179 148. The Rise of
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Middle english 181 the precise form
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Middle english 183 leef or tweyne,
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Middle english 185 phonology and mo
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8 The Renaissance, 1500-1650 152. C
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 189 bein
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 191 disc
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 193 well
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 195 That
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 197 cent
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 199 I la
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 201 expr
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 203 they
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 205 your
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 207 160.
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 209 anac
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 211 word
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 213 seve
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 215 of t
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 217 rein
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 219 heap
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 221 occu
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 223 Such
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 227 sugg
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 229 It m
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 231 spea
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 235 good
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The renaissance, 1500-1650 237 Sixt
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The appeal to authority, 1650-1800
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10 The Nineteenth Century and After
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The nineteenth century and after 28
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11 The English Language in America
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The english language in america 333
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Page 359 and 360: The english language in america 347
Page 399 and 400: APPENDIX A Specimens of the Middle
Page 401 and 402: Appendix A 389 East Midland The Bes
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Page 407 and 408: Appendix A 395 Characteristic of th
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Page 417 and 418: Appendix B 405 words, whose Etymolo
Page 419 and 420: Index 407 Alabama, 354 Albanian bra
Page 421 and 422: Index 409 Bacon, Francis, 261 Bacon
Page 423 and 424: Brakelond, Jocelyn de, 122, 124 Bra
Page 425 and 426: Index 413 Chamberlain, John, 209, 4
Page 427 and 428: Index 415 words from, 303 Dalby, D.
Page 429 and 430: Index 417 East Africa, English lang
Page 431 and 432: Index 419 Flügel, Ewald, 286 Folio
Page 433 and 434: Index 421 Goodenough, Ward H., 40 G
Page 435 and 436: Hill, A.A., 402 Hill, David, 72-73
Page 437 and 438: Index 425 Jackson, Kenneth, 72 Jaes
Page 439 and 440: Index 427 Lance, Donald M., 407 Lan
Page 441 and 442: Index 429 Lycian, 26 Lydgate, John,
Page 443 and 444: Index 431 Milton, John, 183, 224, 2
Page 445 and 446: Index 433 Nunnally, Thomas, 407 Nyn
Page 447 and 448: Peterborough Chronicle, 166 Peterho
Page 449 and 450: Index 437 Quirk, Randolph, 56, 316
Page 451 and 452: St. Mary’s Abbey, York, 147 Sallu
Page 453 and 454: Index 441 Society of Antiquaries, 2
Page 455 and 456: Index 443 Scandinavian, influence o
Page 457 and 458: Index 445 Verb-adverb combinations,
Page 459: Index 447 Woodbine, George E., 157
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A History of English Language

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