Energy and Human Ambitions on a Finite Planet, 2021a

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7 The <strong>Energy</strong> L<strong>and</strong>scape 104 Now the right-h<strong>and</strong> side shows the sectors into which the energy flows, finding roughly equal distribution between residential (homes), commercial (businesses), industrial (manufacture), <strong>and</strong> transportation (both personal <strong>and</strong> commercial/shipping). In this graphic, we lose entirely any sense for how much of each energy source contributes to each sector, 4 but that is coming in the next section. Finally, the left-h<strong>and</strong> side indicates the inputs, grouped as domestic fossil fuel supply at top (out of our own ground), nuclear energy <strong>and</strong> renewable in the middle, <strong>and</strong> imports at bottom. From this, we can learn that we export some coal, 5 that almost all of our natural gas <strong>and</strong> 100% of our nuclear is domestic, <strong>and</strong> that 62% of our petroleum comes from domestic crude oil production. Other insights are present in the graphic as well. Don’t be afraid to subtract or divide numbers to aid new discoveries. 4: For instance, we cannot tell how much coal is used in the industrial sector. 5: For instance, the supply of 15.33 qBtu that is mined is larger than the 13.24 qBtu we consume. Ask yourself what else you can learn from the numbers! Box 7.1: 100 quads? So what? To put the scale into a bit of perspective, 100 qBtu in a year for the U.S. is about 10 20 J in a year. A year is 3.156 × 10 7 seconds long, 6 meaning that the U.S. power budget is just over 3 TW (3 × 10 12 W). Distributed among a little over 300 million people, the average contribution per person is about 10,000 W. 7 That’s a lot. As we have seen in Sec. 5.5 (p. 73), human metabolism is about 100 W. So Americans have approximately 100 times as much energy available as their personal metabolism. The situation has been compared to each person having 100 energy servants! No wonder we live better than royalty of ages past. Even though the U.S. uses about 4.5 times the global energy per capita (about 20% of the world’s energy <strong>and</strong> 5% of population 8 ), the average citizen of Earth still has over 20 energy servants available, on average, thanks almost entirely to fossil fuels. They have been an unqualified game changer. 6: Neat trick: roughly π × 10 7 seconds in a year. 7: This showed up in Table 3.4 (p. 43) <strong>and</strong> also in Box 5.4 (p. 75). 8: American energy usage is much higher than average because of consumerism, diet, comfort st<strong>and</strong>ards, prevalence of detached housing, <strong>and</strong> transportation. 7.1.2 Source <strong>and</strong> Sector Figure 7.2 provides a more detailed breakdown of how energy flows from source to usage sectors. 9 In other words out of the 101.25 qBtu consumed in 2018, we see how much comes from each source, <strong>and</strong> within each source can track how much goes to each end-use category. For example, we learn that 91% of coal <strong>and</strong> 100% of nuclear go to electricity, <strong>and</strong> that 92% of transportation is based on petroleum. 9: Notice that the source <strong>and</strong> end-use numbers in the boxes match the numbers in Figure 7.1 within rounding error. Notice the black <strong>and</strong> gray block at lower center, representing electricity. We derive electricity from all the sources on the left, <strong>and</strong> electricity is consumed in all sectors. Also, of the 38.3 qBtu going into making electricity, only 13.0 qBtu (34%) makes it out the door as electricity, due to thermodynamic losses that were covered in Chapter 6. © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr.; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Lic.; Freely available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/energy_ambitions.
7 The <strong>Energy</strong> L<strong>and</strong>scape 105 U.S. energy consumption by source <strong>and</strong> sector, 2018 (Quadrillion Btu) Source a End-use sector c Percent of sources Percent of sectors Petroleum 36.9 (36%) 70 24 3 2 1 92 3 5
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UC San Diego Energy</strong
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Copyright: © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr
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v Preface: Before Taking the Plunge
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vii to internalize (“own") the co
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facilitating a quick return to the
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xi Contents Preface: Before Taking
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8.4 Fossil Fuel Pros and</s
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15.4.8 Pros and Co
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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2 1 Exponential Growth Huma
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1 Exponential Growth 4 The populati
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1 Exponential Growth 6 case we get:
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1 Exponential Growth 8 10 13 <stron
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1 Exponential Growth 10 the impossi
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1 Exponential Growth 12 which we ca
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1 Exponential Growth 14 3. Our exam
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1 Exponential Growth 16 22. Adapt E
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2 Economic Growth Limits 18 But res
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2 Economic Growth Limits 20 perhaps
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2 Economic Growth Limits 22 theoret
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2 Economic Growth Limits 24 2.3 Phy
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2 Economic Growth Limits 26 who wan
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2 Economic Growth Limits 28 Just be
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30 3 Population Underlying virtuall
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3 Population 32 In more recent year
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3 Population 34 which is really jus
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3 Population 36 Definition 3.2.3 Ov
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3 Population 38 halfway to the limi
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3 Population 40 50 Niger Birth rate
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3 Population 42 Figure 3.14: Absolu
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3 Population 44 Country Population
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3 Population 46 continue until all
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3 Population 48 began to climb, lea
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3 Population 50 think that is (hint
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3 Population 52 22. The set of diag
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Page 86 and 87: 4 Space Colonization 66 Americans g
Page 88 and 89: Summary of Current Charges (See pag
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Page 122 and 123: 102 7 The Energy L
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Page 134 and 135: 114 8 Fossil Fuels We are now ready
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Page 158 and 159: 138 9 Climate Change Climate change
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Page 162 and 163: 9 Climate Change 142 80 CO2 ppmV an
Page 164 and 165: 9 Climate Change 144 (p. 10) that t
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Page 168 and 169: 9 Climate Change 148 9.3 Possible T
Page 170 and 171: 9 Climate Change 150 140 CO2 ppmV a
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9 Climate Change 154 component math
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9 Climate Change 156 1880, sea leve
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9 Climate Change 158 The last chapt
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9 Climate Change 160 skeptic” who
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9 Climate Change 162 forcing is 3
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164 10 Renewable Overview We now un
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10 Renewable Overview 166 The sun w
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10 Renewable Overview 168 Treating
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10 Renewable Overview 170 Source qB
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10 Renewable Overview 172 sun overh
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11 Hydroelectric Energy</st
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184 12 Wind Energy
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12 Wind Energy 186
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12 Wind Energy 188
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12 Wind Energy 190
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12 Wind Energy 192
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12 Wind Energy 194
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12 Wind Energy 196
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13 Solar Energy 19
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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14 Biological Energy</stron
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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16 Small Players 276 0.1 W/m 2 , ma
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16 Small Players 278 heat to diffus
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16 Small Players 280 not expect geo
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16 Small Players 282 almost 200 tim
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16 Small Players 284 It’s not an
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16 Small Players 286 16.5 Hydrogen
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16 Small Players 288 5. What are yo
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 290 v
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 292 p
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 294 <
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 296 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 298 I
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 300 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 302 5
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304 18 Human Facto
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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316 19 A Plan Might Be Welcome Havi
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 318 ther
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 320 Box
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 322 econ
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 324 In e
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 326 19.4
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328 20 Adaptation Strategies We mad
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20 Adaptation Strategies 330 debate
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20 Adaptation Strategies 332 the en
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20 Adaptation Strategies 334 20.3.2
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20 Adaptation Strategies 336 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 338 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 340 Defini
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20 Adaptation Strategies 342 Since
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20 Adaptation Strategies 344 2. kee
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20 Adaptation Strategies 346 Try mo
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20 Adaptation Strategies 348 a) lap
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350 Epilogue This book may be distr
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Epilogue 352 ◮ Fossil fuels are a
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354 Image Attributions 1. Cover Pho
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356 Changes and Co
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Part V Appendices
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A.1 Relax on the Decimals 360 What
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A.3 Areas and Volu
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A.4 Fractions 364 Figure A.1: Paral
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A.6 Fractional Powers 366 writing t
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A.8 Equation Hunting 368 to perform
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A.10 Units Manipulation 370 Looks l
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A.10 Units Manipulation 372 we soug
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A.11 Just the Start 374 useful foun
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B.2 Stoichiometry 376 other element
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B.2 Stoichiometry 378 + C + O 2 CO
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B.3 Chemical Energy</strong
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B.4 Ideal Gas Law 382 Example B.4.2
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C Selected Answers 384 10. May help
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C Selected Answers 386 19. Twice, t
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C Selected Answers 388 Chapter 11 1
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C Selected Answers 390 13. Box bare
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Alluring Tangents D This Appendix c
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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D.3 Electrified Transport 398 Box 1
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D.3 Electrified Transport 400 It is
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D.4 Pushing Out the Moon 402 D.3.6
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D.5 Humanity’s L
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D.5 Humanity’s L
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D.6 Too Smart to Succeed? 408 Can i
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D.6 Too Smart to Succeed? 410 as we
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412 Bibliography References are in
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414 [30] International Space Statio
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416 [63] NASA. The NASA Earth’s <
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418 [97] D A Pfeiffer. Eating Fossi
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420 Notation This list describes se
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422 Glossary AC alternating current
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424 thing as a kilocalorie. Note th
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426 demographic transition refers t
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428 EROEI Energy R
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430 specific heat capacity is 4,184
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432 kWh kilowatt-hour. 76, 159, 214
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434 parts per million by mass (ppm
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436 refinement is the process by wh
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438 triton is the nucleus of tritiu
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440 fossil fuel intensity, 138 hist
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442 heat pump, 99, 297 geothermal e
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444 capacity factor, 216, 217 cell
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