Energy and Human Ambitions on a Finite Planet, 2021a

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428 EROEI <strong>Energy</strong> Returned on <strong>Energy</strong> Invested: a measure of how profitable an energy source is in terms of energy, expressed as a ratio. For instance, a 9:1 EROEI means 9 units were extracted or produced for an investment of 1 unit, leaving a net gain of 8 units of energy. 1:1 is break-even, deriving no net energy benefit. 231, 235, 236, 278, 295, 297, 301, 302, 310, 311, 315, 339 estimated total resource is an educated extrapolation of proven reserves trying to characterize the amount of resource that may be ultimately found <strong>and</strong> extracted. 127, 131, 258 ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH) is a liquid alcohol frequently produced as a biofuel having an energy density of ∼7 kcal/g. 108, 230, 297, 377, 423 eV electron-volt. 198, 203, 248, 427, 432 exponential growth happens when the rate of growth—as a percentage or fraction—is constant. 2, 4, 31, 33, 61, 319, 426, 434 feedback is the response of a system when a change is made that itself influences the change: either counteracting it as in negative feedback or amplifying it as in positive feedback. 145, 147, 424 fill factor is a generic term describing the fraction of total area occupied. For instance a polka-dot pattern of circles on a piece of fabric might have a fill factor of 15%. 189 fissile describes a nucleus that is prodded into fission by a (slow) thermal neutron. The three fissile 233 235 239 nuclides of interest are U, U, <strong>and</strong> Pu. 255, 259, 262, 423, 425, 428 fission 233 235 is a nuclear process in which a heavy nucleus splits into two lighter nuclei. Only U, U, 239 <strong>and</strong> Pu are usually considered as accessible nuclides that are fissile in the presence of slow (thermal) neutrons. 85, 239, 249, 264, 289, 296, 423–425, 428, 432 flexitarianism is the practice of pursuing dietary choices based on quantitative assessment of energy costs in an effort to keep the dietary energy factor low, without enforcing complete strictness, enjoying the occasional deviation on special occasions or just to avoid being a pain to others. 342 fossil fuel refers to an energy source buried in the ground, in the form of coal (solid), petroleum (liquid), or natural gas (gaseous). Fossil fuels represent ancient solar energy captured in living matter, processed <strong>and</strong> stored underground over millions of years. 7, 22, 27, 31, 61, 103, 104 fracking is slang for hydraulic fracturing, a technique used to extract “tight” oil <strong>and</strong> gas resources locked up in less permeable rock formations. High-pressure fluids are used to create cracks in the rock that the allow oil <strong>and</strong>/or gas to flow. 120, 124, 128, 130, 232 frequency characterizes the number of cycles per second in a periodic phenomenon (often in wave phenomena). The units are Hertz, or 1/s. 79, 198, 426, 430, 434, 436 fuel rod is a long cylinder having a high-enough concentration of fissile material to be used in a nuclear fission reactor. 255, 256, 260, 263, 272, 423 © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr.; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Lic.; Freely available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/energy_ambitions.
429 fusion is a nuclear process in which two light nuclei merge to form a larger nucleus. Repulsion of the charges in the nuclei make it exceedingly hard to achieve, requiring temperatures of many millions of degrees. 85, 239, 249, 265, 289, 299, 395, 425, 426, 437 galaxy is a collection of stars held together by mutual gravitational attraction, generally numbering in the billions of stars. 9, 54, 55, 312, 394, 438 gamma decay (γ) is when a nucleus in an energetically excited state emits a high-energy photon. 244, 429, 435 gamma ray (γ) is a high-energy photon, as may be generated by a gamma decay or by annihilation of an electron <strong>and</strong> positron. 244, 251, 255, 434, 435 GDP Gross Domestic Product, effectively representing the total monetary flow of goods <strong>and</strong> services within a society, typically over a one year period. 18, 24, 39, 425 generator converts mechanical motion (rotation, typically) into electrical current, generally by the relative motion of wire loops <strong>and</strong> a strong magnetic field. 89, 99, 164, 165, 175, 184, 185, 190, 250, 279, 280, 282, 285, 430, 436 geothermal refers to thermal energy within the earth, both from the original heat of formation <strong>and</strong> from radioactive decay. 85, 99, 108, 166, 275 GHG greenhouse gas. 146, 151, 152, 155, 160, 161, 429 Gppl is a short-h<strong>and</strong> unit for giga-people, or billion people. 32, 37 gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in a mass, m, lifted a height, h, above some reference in the presence of gravity, g ≈ 10 m/s 2 . The energy amounts to mgh, <strong>and</strong> will be in Joules if the inputs are in kg, m, <strong>and</strong> s. 66, 69, 70, 77, 89, 167, 173, 174, 177, 184, 275, 280, 283, 395, 396, 438 Green Revolution refers to the modernization of agricultural practices worldwide beginning around 1950, when fossil fuels transformed both fertilization <strong>and</strong> mechanization. 31, 37, 123, 124, 234 greenhouse gas (GHG) absorbs infrared radiation <strong>and</strong> acts as a thermal blanket in a planetary atmosphere. H 2 O, CO 2 ,O 3 , <strong>and</strong> CH 4 are powerful greenhouse gases. 11, 12, 144–146, 151, 429 grid tied refers to a photovoltaic system connected to the local electrical utility grid, enabling export of solar production by day <strong>and</strong> use of utility electricity by night. 213, 222 half life is the time after which half a sample of radioactive nuclei will have undergone radioactive decay. After N half-life periods, the remaining fraction will be 1/2 N . 242, 243, 257, 259, 261, 262, 270, 276, 424, 435 heat capacity is the amount of energy it takes to raise an object’s temperature by 1 ◦ C. The specific heat capacity is the heat capacity divided by mass, becoming an intrinsic property of the material. Water’s © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr.; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Lic.; Freely available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/energy_ambitions.
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UC San Diego Energy</strong
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Copyright: © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr
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v Preface: Before Taking the Plunge
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vii to internalize (“own") the co
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facilitating a quick return to the
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xi Contents Preface: Before Taking
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8.4 Fossil Fuel Pros and</s
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15.4.8 Pros and Co
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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2 1 Exponential Growth Huma
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1 Exponential Growth 4 The populati
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1 Exponential Growth 6 case we get:
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1 Exponential Growth 8 10 13 <stron
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1 Exponential Growth 10 the impossi
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1 Exponential Growth 12 which we ca
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1 Exponential Growth 14 3. Our exam
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1 Exponential Growth 16 22. Adapt E
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2 Economic Growth Limits 18 But res
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2 Economic Growth Limits 20 perhaps
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2 Economic Growth Limits 22 theoret
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2 Economic Growth Limits 24 2.3 Phy
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2 Economic Growth Limits 26 who wan
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2 Economic Growth Limits 28 Just be
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30 3 Population Underlying virtuall
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3 Population 32 In more recent year
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3 Population 34 which is really jus
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3 Population 36 Definition 3.2.3 Ov
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3 Population 38 halfway to the limi
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3 Population 40 50 Niger Birth rate
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3 Population 42 Figure 3.14: Absolu
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3 Population 44 Country Population
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3 Population 46 continue until all
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3 Population 48 began to climb, lea
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3 Population 50 think that is (hint
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3 Population 52 22. The set of diag
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54 4 Space Exploration vs. Coloniza
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4 Space Colonization 56 Body Symbol
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4 Space Colonization 58 scale of th
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4 Space Colonization 60 4.3 A Host
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4 Space Colonization 62 Hum
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4 Space Colonization 64 4.5 Upshot:
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4 Space Colonization 66 Americans g
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Summary of Current Charges (See pag
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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84 6 Putting Thermal Energy
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6 Putting Thermal Energy</s
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102 7 The Energy L
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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114 8 Fossil Fuels We are now ready
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8 Fossil Fuels 116 ultimately consi
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8 Fossil Fuels 118 16 14 12 gas 2 T
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8 Fossil Fuels 120 barrel of crude
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8 Fossil Fuels 122 Note that fossil
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8 Fossil Fuels 124 problem of uncer
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8 Fossil Fuels 126 4. Increased dif
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8 Fossil Fuels 128 rate at which it
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8 Fossil Fuels 130 The U.S. experie
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8 Fossil Fuels 132 Box 8.3: Resourc
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8 Fossil Fuels 134 scarcity <strong
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8 Fossil Fuels 136 occupies 7.4 mL
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138 9 Climate Change Climate change
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9 Climate Change 140 When the measu
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9 Climate Change 142 80 CO2 ppmV an
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9 Climate Change 144 (p. 10) that t
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9 Climate Change 146 change, but a
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9 Climate Change 148 9.3 Possible T
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9 Climate Change 150 140 CO2 ppmV a
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9 Climate Change 152 directly escap
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9 Climate Change 154 component math
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9 Climate Change 156 1880, sea leve
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9 Climate Change 158 The last chapt
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9 Climate Change 160 skeptic” who
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9 Climate Change 162 forcing is 3
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164 10 Renewable Overview We now un
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10 Renewable Overview 166 The sun w
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10 Renewable Overview 168 Treating
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10 Renewable Overview 170 Source qB
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10 Renewable Overview 172 sun overh
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11 Hydroelectric Energy</st
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184 12 Wind Energy
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12 Wind Energy 186
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12 Wind Energy 188
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12 Wind Energy 190
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12 Wind Energy 192
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12 Wind Energy 194
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12 Wind Energy 196
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13 Solar Energy 19
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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14 Biological Energy</stron
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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16 Small Players 276 0.1 W/m 2 , ma
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16 Small Players 278 heat to diffus
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16 Small Players 280 not expect geo
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16 Small Players 282 almost 200 tim
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16 Small Players 284 It’s not an
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16 Small Players 286 16.5 Hydrogen
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16 Small Players 288 5. What are yo
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 290 v
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 292 p
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 294 <
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 296 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 298 I
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 300 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 302 5
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304 18 Human Facto
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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316 19 A Plan Might Be Welcome Havi
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 318 ther
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 320 Box
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 322 econ
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 324 In e
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 326 19.4
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328 20 Adaptation Strategies We mad
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20 Adaptation Strategies 330 debate
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20 Adaptation Strategies 332 the en
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20 Adaptation Strategies 334 20.3.2
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20 Adaptation Strategies 336 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 338 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 340 Defini
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20 Adaptation Strategies 342 Since
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20 Adaptation Strategies 344 2. kee
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20 Adaptation Strategies 346 Try mo
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20 Adaptation Strategies 348 a) lap
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350 Epilogue This book may be distr
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Epilogue 352 ◮ Fossil fuels are a
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354 Image Attributions 1. Cover Pho
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356 Changes and Co
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Part V Appendices
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A.1 Relax on the Decimals 360 What
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A.3 Areas and Volu
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A.4 Fractions 364 Figure A.1: Paral
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A.6 Fractional Powers 366 writing t
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A.8 Equation Hunting 368 to perform
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A.10 Units Manipulation 370 Looks l
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A.10 Units Manipulation 372 we soug
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A.11 Just the Start 374 useful foun
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B.2 Stoichiometry 376 other element
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Page 410 and 411: C Selected Answers 390 13. Box bare
Page 412 and 413: Alluring Tangents D This Appendix c
Page 414 and 415: D.2 Cosmic Energy
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Page 418 and 419: D.3 Electrified Transport 398 Box 1
Page 420 and 421: D.3 Electrified Transport 400 It is
Page 422 and 423: D.4 Pushing Out the Moon 402 D.3.6
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Page 428 and 429: D.6 Too Smart to Succeed? 408 Can i
Page 430 and 431: D.6 Too Smart to Succeed? 410 as we
Page 432 and 433: 412 Bibliography References are in
Page 434 and 435: 414 [30] International Space Statio
Page 436 and 437: 416 [63] NASA. The NASA Earth’s <
Page 438 and 439: 418 [97] D A Pfeiffer. Eating Fossi
Page 440 and 441: 420 Notation This list describes se
Page 442 and 443: 422 Glossary AC alternating current
Page 444 and 445: 424 thing as a kilocalorie. Note th
Page 446 and 447: 426 demographic transition refers t
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Page 452 and 453: 432 kWh kilowatt-hour. 76, 159, 214
Page 454 and 455: 434 parts per million by mass (ppm
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Page 458 and 459: 438 triton is the nucleus of tritiu
Page 460 and 461: 440 fossil fuel intensity, 138 hist
Page 462 and 463: 442 heat pump, 99, 297 geothermal e
Page 464 and 465: 444 capacity factor, 216, 217 cell
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