Energy and Human Ambitions on a Finite Planet, 2021a

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4 Space Colonization 66 Americans get to space on Russian rockets. How believable do you think they would be, <strong>and</strong> what assumptions might be made to reconcile the shock? 12. Prior to exposure to this material, what would you honestly have said in response to: How far have humans been from the planet in the last 45 years; a) 600 km (about 1 10 Earth radius; low earth orbit) b) 6,000 km (roughly Earth radius) c) 36,000 km (about 6 R ⊕ ; around geosynchronous orbit) d) 385,000 km (approximate distance to the moon) e) beyond the distance to the moon Explain what led you to think so (whether correct or not). 13. List at least three space achievements that impress you personally, even if they do not bear directly on colonization aims. 14. In the enumerated list beginning on page 60, which item is most surprising to you as not-yet accomplished, <strong>and</strong> why? 15. List three substantive challenges that prevented successful longterm operation of the artificial biosphere project [31]. [31]: (2020), Biosphere 2 16. Since Figure 4.5 spans the range of atmospheres found in our solar system, we can imagine how likely it would be that a r<strong>and</strong>om planet might happen to be livable for humans. 32 Imagine throwing a dart at the diagram to get a r<strong>and</strong>om instance. How likely are we to hit the comfort zone of Earth, by your estimation? 32: . . . just in terms of temperature <strong>and</strong> pressure; ignoring composition <strong>and</strong> a host of other considerations! 17. Come up with three examples (not repeating items in the text) of feats that are technically possible, but not common or practical. 18. For some perspective, imagine you were able to drive your car up a ramp to an altitude characteristic of low-earth orbit (about 320 km, or 200 miles). It takes about 5 × 10 10 J of energy 33 to win 33: We’ll encounter gravitational potential energy later, but this quantity is computed as mgh with m ≈1,500 kg. the fight against gravity. Meanwhile, each gallon of gasoline can do about 25 × 10 6 J of useful work. How many gallons would it take to climb to orbital height in a car? Roughly how many miles per gallon is this (just counting vertical miles)? 19. In Problem 18, we ignored the energy required to provide the substantial orbital speed (∼ 8 km/s, but will not need), which essentially doubles the total energy. 34 How much gasoline will it now take, <strong>and</strong> how massive is the fuel if gasoline is 3 kg per gallon, compared to the 1,500 kg mass of the car? 34: The same amount of energy to climb against gravity must go into accelerating to speed (kinetic energy). i Given this mass of fuel, <strong>and</strong> its significance compared to the car’s mass, we can see that we’ve underestimated the fuel required since we’ll have to put substantial additional energy into lifting the fuel away from the earth. © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr.; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Lic.; Freely available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/energy_ambitions.
Part II <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>and</strong> Fossil Fuels What worked for us in the past cannot work for us in the future. We must learn the language of our old friends in order to say a proper goodbye.
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UC San Diego Energy</strong
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Copyright: © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr
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v Preface: Before Taking the Plunge
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vii to internalize (“own") the co
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facilitating a quick return to the
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xi Contents Preface: Before Taking
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8.4 Fossil Fuel Pros and</s
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15.4.8 Pros and Co
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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2 1 Exponential Growth Huma
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1 Exponential Growth 4 The populati
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1 Exponential Growth 6 case we get:
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1 Exponential Growth 8 10 13 <stron
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1 Exponential Growth 10 the impossi
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1 Exponential Growth 12 which we ca
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1 Exponential Growth 14 3. Our exam
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Page 38 and 39: 2 Economic Growth Limits 18 But res
Page 40 and 41: 2 Economic Growth Limits 20 perhaps
Page 42 and 43: 2 Economic Growth Limits 22 theoret
Page 44 and 45: 2 Economic Growth Limits 24 2.3 Phy
Page 46 and 47: 2 Economic Growth Limits 26 who wan
Page 48 and 49: 2 Economic Growth Limits 28 Just be
Page 50 and 51: 30 3 Population Underlying virtuall
Page 52 and 53: 3 Population 32 In more recent year
Page 54 and 55: 3 Population 34 which is really jus
Page 56 and 57: 3 Population 36 Definition 3.2.3 Ov
Page 58 and 59: 3 Population 38 halfway to the limi
Page 60 and 61: 3 Population 40 50 Niger Birth rate
Page 62 and 63: 3 Population 42 Figure 3.14: Absolu
Page 64 and 65: 3 Population 44 Country Population
Page 66 and 67: 3 Population 46 continue until all
Page 68 and 69: 3 Population 48 began to climb, lea
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Page 72 and 73: 3 Population 52 22. The set of diag
Page 74 and 75: 54 4 Space Exploration vs. Coloniza
Page 76 and 77: 4 Space Colonization 56 Body Symbol
Page 78 and 79: 4 Space Colonization 58 scale of th
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Page 88 and 89: Summary of Current Charges (See pag
Page 90 and 91: 5 Energy a
Page 104 and 105: 84 6 Putting Thermal Energy
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Page 122 and 123: 102 7 The Energy L
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Page 134 and 135: 114 8 Fossil Fuels We are now ready
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8 Fossil Fuels 116 ultimately consi
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8 Fossil Fuels 118 16 14 12 gas 2 T
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8 Fossil Fuels 120 barrel of crude
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8 Fossil Fuels 122 Note that fossil
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8 Fossil Fuels 124 problem of uncer
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8 Fossil Fuels 126 4. Increased dif
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8 Fossil Fuels 128 rate at which it
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8 Fossil Fuels 130 The U.S. experie
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8 Fossil Fuels 132 Box 8.3: Resourc
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8 Fossil Fuels 134 scarcity <strong
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8 Fossil Fuels 136 occupies 7.4 mL
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138 9 Climate Change Climate change
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9 Climate Change 140 When the measu
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9 Climate Change 142 80 CO2 ppmV an
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9 Climate Change 144 (p. 10) that t
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9 Climate Change 146 change, but a
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9 Climate Change 148 9.3 Possible T
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9 Climate Change 150 140 CO2 ppmV a
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9 Climate Change 152 directly escap
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9 Climate Change 154 component math
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9 Climate Change 156 1880, sea leve
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9 Climate Change 158 The last chapt
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9 Climate Change 160 skeptic” who
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9 Climate Change 162 forcing is 3
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164 10 Renewable Overview We now un
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10 Renewable Overview 166 The sun w
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10 Renewable Overview 168 Treating
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10 Renewable Overview 170 Source qB
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10 Renewable Overview 172 sun overh
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11 Hydroelectric Energy</st
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184 12 Wind Energy
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12 Wind Energy 186
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12 Wind Energy 188
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12 Wind Energy 190
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12 Wind Energy 192
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12 Wind Energy 194
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12 Wind Energy 196
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13 Solar Energy 19
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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14 Biological Energy</stron
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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16 Small Players 276 0.1 W/m 2 , ma
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16 Small Players 278 heat to diffus
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16 Small Players 280 not expect geo
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16 Small Players 282 almost 200 tim
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16 Small Players 284 It’s not an
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16 Small Players 286 16.5 Hydrogen
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16 Small Players 288 5. What are yo
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 290 v
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 292 p
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 294 <
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 296 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 298 I
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 300 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 302 5
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304 18 Human Facto
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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316 19 A Plan Might Be Welcome Havi
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 318 ther
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 320 Box
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 322 econ
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 324 In e
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 326 19.4
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328 20 Adaptation Strategies We mad
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20 Adaptation Strategies 330 debate
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20 Adaptation Strategies 332 the en
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20 Adaptation Strategies 334 20.3.2
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20 Adaptation Strategies 336 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 338 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 340 Defini
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20 Adaptation Strategies 342 Since
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20 Adaptation Strategies 344 2. kee
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20 Adaptation Strategies 346 Try mo
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20 Adaptation Strategies 348 a) lap
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350 Epilogue This book may be distr
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Epilogue 352 ◮ Fossil fuels are a
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354 Image Attributions 1. Cover Pho
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356 Changes and Co
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Part V Appendices
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A.1 Relax on the Decimals 360 What
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A.3 Areas and Volu
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A.4 Fractions 364 Figure A.1: Paral
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A.6 Fractional Powers 366 writing t
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A.8 Equation Hunting 368 to perform
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A.10 Units Manipulation 370 Looks l
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A.10 Units Manipulation 372 we soug
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A.11 Just the Start 374 useful foun
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B.2 Stoichiometry 376 other element
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B.2 Stoichiometry 378 + C + O 2 CO
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B.3 Chemical Energy</strong
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B.4 Ideal Gas Law 382 Example B.4.2
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C Selected Answers 384 10. May help
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C Selected Answers 386 19. Twice, t
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C Selected Answers 388 Chapter 11 1
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C Selected Answers 390 13. Box bare
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Alluring Tangents D This Appendix c
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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D.3 Electrified Transport 398 Box 1
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D.3 Electrified Transport 400 It is
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D.4 Pushing Out the Moon 402 D.3.6
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D.5 Humanity’s L
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D.5 Humanity’s L
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D.6 Too Smart to Succeed? 408 Can i
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D.6 Too Smart to Succeed? 410 as we
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412 Bibliography References are in
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414 [30] International Space Statio
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416 [63] NASA. The NASA Earth’s <
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418 [97] D A Pfeiffer. Eating Fossi
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420 Notation This list describes se
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422 Glossary AC alternating current
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424 thing as a kilocalorie. Note th
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426 demographic transition refers t
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428 EROEI Energy R
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430 specific heat capacity is 4,184
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432 kWh kilowatt-hour. 76, 159, 214
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434 parts per million by mass (ppm
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436 refinement is the process by wh
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438 triton is the nucleus of tritiu
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440 fossil fuel intensity, 138 hist
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442 heat pump, 99, 297 geothermal e
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444 capacity factor, 216, 217 cell
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