Energy and Human Ambitions on a Finite Planet, 2021a

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9 Climate Change 162 forcing is 3 × 10 22 J per year. How much would the temperature of the top 10 m of ocean rise in one year at this level? 29. If we somehow maintained a steady 2 × 10 22 J/yr of unbalanced input indefinitely, how long would it take to: a) raise the entire ocean temperature by 1 ◦ C? b) melt all the ice? c) raise the entire atmosphere’s temperature by 1 ◦ C? d) heat up the top 100 m of earth’s l<strong>and</strong> area? The sum of all these is how long it would take to get all of these tasks done, even though they would be happening in parallel. i In practice, this is not how things will go. The ocean will heat up more near the surface, allowing air to get hotter <strong>and</strong> ice to melt faster while the deep ocean stubbornly resists warming for centuries. 30. On a planet 60% covered in ocean, <strong>and</strong> 5% covered ina3kmthick ice sheet on top of l<strong>and</strong>, how much would the sea level rise if all the ice melted? 31. On a planet two-thirds covered in ocean, <strong>and</strong> 1% covered by an ice sheet melting at a rate of 1 meter per year, how fast would sea level be rising? 32. How might you express the tradeoffs between the available fossil fuel resource <strong>and</strong> climate change? In other words, if it turns out that we don’t have nearly as much fossil fuel as we think, what does this mean for climate change vs. our economic/geopolitical stability <strong>and</strong> viability? On the other h<strong>and</strong>, if we have centuries of fossil fuels left, what does that mean? Which scenario is least disruptive? 33. If it were certain that the only way to provide a comfortable existence to future generations involved substantial cutbacks toward a lifestyle having far fewer energy <strong>and</strong> material comforts today, do you think humanity would voluntarily do so? Can we leave treats on the shelf, within easy reach? If so, is it only uncertainty that prevents us? If not, what do you see as the barriers? © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr.; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Lic.; Freely available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/energy_ambitions.
Part III Alternative <strong>Energy</strong> The options have not changed in 50 years. There is nothing new under the sun.
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UC San Diego Energy</strong
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Copyright: © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr
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v Preface: Before Taking the Plunge
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vii to internalize (“own") the co
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facilitating a quick return to the
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xi Contents Preface: Before Taking
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8.4 Fossil Fuel Pros and</s
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15.4.8 Pros and Co
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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2 1 Exponential Growth Huma
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1 Exponential Growth 4 The populati
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1 Exponential Growth 6 case we get:
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1 Exponential Growth 8 10 13 <stron
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1 Exponential Growth 10 the impossi
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1 Exponential Growth 12 which we ca
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1 Exponential Growth 14 3. Our exam
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1 Exponential Growth 16 22. Adapt E
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2 Economic Growth Limits 18 But res
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2 Economic Growth Limits 20 perhaps
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2 Economic Growth Limits 22 theoret
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2 Economic Growth Limits 24 2.3 Phy
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2 Economic Growth Limits 26 who wan
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2 Economic Growth Limits 28 Just be
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30 3 Population Underlying virtuall
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3 Population 32 In more recent year
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3 Population 34 which is really jus
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3 Population 36 Definition 3.2.3 Ov
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3 Population 38 halfway to the limi
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3 Population 40 50 Niger Birth rate
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3 Population 42 Figure 3.14: Absolu
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3 Population 44 Country Population
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3 Population 46 continue until all
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3 Population 48 began to climb, lea
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3 Population 50 think that is (hint
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3 Population 52 22. The set of diag
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54 4 Space Exploration vs. Coloniza
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4 Space Colonization 56 Body Symbol
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4 Space Colonization 58 scale of th
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4 Space Colonization 60 4.3 A Host
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4 Space Colonization 62 Hum
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4 Space Colonization 64 4.5 Upshot:
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4 Space Colonization 66 Americans g
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Summary of Current Charges (See pag
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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84 6 Putting Thermal Energy
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6 Putting Thermal Energy</s
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102 7 The Energy L
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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Page 134 and 135: 114 8 Fossil Fuels We are now ready
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Page 158 and 159: 138 9 Climate Change Climate change
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Page 184 and 185: 164 10 Renewable Overview We now un
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Page 188 and 189: 10 Renewable Overview 168 Treating
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Page 192 and 193: 10 Renewable Overview 172 sun overh
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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14 Biological Energy</stron
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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16 Small Players 276 0.1 W/m 2 , ma
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16 Small Players 278 heat to diffus
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16 Small Players 280 not expect geo
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16 Small Players 282 almost 200 tim
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16 Small Players 284 It’s not an
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16 Small Players 286 16.5 Hydrogen
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16 Small Players 288 5. What are yo
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 290 v
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 292 p
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 294 <
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 296 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 298 I
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 300 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 302 5
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304 18 Human Facto
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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316 19 A Plan Might Be Welcome Havi
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 318 ther
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 320 Box
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 322 econ
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 324 In e
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 326 19.4
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328 20 Adaptation Strategies We mad
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20 Adaptation Strategies 330 debate
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20 Adaptation Strategies 332 the en
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20 Adaptation Strategies 334 20.3.2
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20 Adaptation Strategies 336 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 338 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 340 Defini
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20 Adaptation Strategies 342 Since
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20 Adaptation Strategies 344 2. kee
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20 Adaptation Strategies 346 Try mo
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20 Adaptation Strategies 348 a) lap
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350 Epilogue This book may be distr
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Epilogue 352 ◮ Fossil fuels are a
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354 Image Attributions 1. Cover Pho
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356 Changes and Co
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Part V Appendices
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A.1 Relax on the Decimals 360 What
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A.3 Areas and Volu
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A.4 Fractions 364 Figure A.1: Paral
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A.6 Fractional Powers 366 writing t
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A.8 Equation Hunting 368 to perform
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A.10 Units Manipulation 370 Looks l
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A.10 Units Manipulation 372 we soug
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A.11 Just the Start 374 useful foun
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B.2 Stoichiometry 376 other element
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B.2 Stoichiometry 378 + C + O 2 CO
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B.3 Chemical Energy</strong
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B.4 Ideal Gas Law 382 Example B.4.2
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C Selected Answers 384 10. May help
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C Selected Answers 386 19. Twice, t
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C Selected Answers 388 Chapter 11 1
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C Selected Answers 390 13. Box bare
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Alluring Tangents D This Appendix c
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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D.3 Electrified Transport 398 Box 1
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D.3 Electrified Transport 400 It is
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D.4 Pushing Out the Moon 402 D.3.6
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D.5 Humanity’s L
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D.5 Humanity’s L
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D.6 Too Smart to Succeed? 408 Can i
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D.6 Too Smart to Succeed? 410 as we
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412 Bibliography References are in
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414 [30] International Space Statio
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416 [63] NASA. The NASA Earth’s <
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418 [97] D A Pfeiffer. Eating Fossi
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420 Notation This list describes se
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422 Glossary AC alternating current
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424 thing as a kilocalorie. Note th
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426 demographic transition refers t
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428 EROEI Energy R
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430 specific heat capacity is 4,184
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432 kWh kilowatt-hour. 76, 159, 214
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434 parts per million by mass (ppm
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436 refinement is the process by wh
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438 triton is the nucleus of tritiu
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440 fossil fuel intensity, 138 hist
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442 heat pump, 99, 297 geothermal e
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444 capacity factor, 216, 217 cell
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