Energy and Human Ambitions on a Finite Planet, 2021a

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438 triton is the nucleus of tritium, consisting of one proton <strong>and</strong> two neutrons. 265, 426, 437 turbine is essentially fan blades on a rotating shaft, which can be compelled to move by a flow of air, water, or steam through the blades. 89, 99, 164, 175, 185, 190, 250, 279, 280, 282, 295, 430 universe refers to the entirety of our physical realm, including all galaxies. 9, 54, 55, 257, 312, 392, 423 U-value describes the insulating quality of a wall or similar barrier, in terms of how many Watts move through each square meter of surface area for each 1 ◦ C difference in temperature across the barrier. Units are W/m 2 / ◦ C, <strong>and</strong> smaller numbers mean better insulation. The U-value is an inverse measure to the R-value, numerically 5.7/R. 87, 436 valance b<strong>and</strong> is the energy level of outer electrons bound to an atom. Valance electrons stay home, as opposed to electrons in the conduction b<strong>and</strong>. 203, 422, 425 Volt (V) is a unit of voltage, or electric potential, <strong>and</strong> can be thought of as the electrical analog to gravitational potential energy, <strong>and</strong> is also somewhat like pressure in a fluid system. 77, 198, 427, 438 voltage is a measure of electric potential energy, expressed in units of Volts. 77, 438 Watt (W) is a unit of power, defined so that 1Wis1J/s(one Joule per second). 7, 18, 21, 43, 71, 77, 118, 169, 196, 267, 309, 371, 431, 434, 438 watt-hour (Wh) is a unit of energy, constructed as a power (watts) times time (hours). It is equivalent to 3,600 Joules, or 0.001 kWh. 73, 77, 97, 110, 176, 427, 438 wavelength measures the length of a wave from crest to crest or trough to trough, <strong>and</strong> can apply to waves in water, air (sound), or electromagnetic waves (light). The symbol λ (lambda) is often used to denote wavelength. The units are length (m), often expressed in microns (μm). 79, 144, 198, 283, 394, 426, 431, 434, 436 weak nuclear force joins gravity, electromagnetism, <strong>and</strong> the strong nuclear force as one of nature’s four fundamental forces, responsible for beta decays <strong>and</strong> neutrino interactions. 244, 245, 433 Wh watt-hour. 73, 97, 98, 110, 175, 176, 438 Wien law describes the wavelength for which the Planck spectrum is at maximum brightness. It is roughly 2.9 mm divided by the blackbody temperature, in Kelvin. 199 work is a mechanical expression of energy, defined as a force (Newtons) times distance (meters) through which the force acts (along the same direction). The resulting unit is the Joule. 68, 84, 89, 174, 248, 379, 427 © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr.; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Lic.; Freely available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/energy_ambitions.
439 Alphabetical Index acid rain, 320 adaptation, see behavioral adaptation airplanes, 212, 290, 398 alternative energy, 106, 164–165, 165, 166 attributes, 290–294 comparison matrix, 293, 289–299 gap to fossil fuels, 126, 300 summary, 294–299 Antarctica, 140, 153, 156 asymmetric risk, 345, 345, 349 awareness, 328–330 backpacking, 60, 346 bacteria, 3, 411 barrels, oil, 119 Bartlett, Al, 2 battery capacity, 78, 136, 175 energy density, 122, 277, 290 lifetime, 213, 215 behavioral adaptation, 332–343 attitude guidance, 333 energy principles, 334–337 flexibility, 344–346 quantitative energy, 337–343 Betz limit, 188 Big–5, see personality, Big–5 biofuels, 165, 230–235, 297 biodiesel, 234 EROEI, 234, 234–235, 295, 297 ethanol, 230–231, 297 from corn, 234, 234–235 pros <strong>and</strong> cons, 235–236, 295 usage, 106, 108, 109, 230 biological energy, 165 photosynthesis, 167 biomass, 165, 229–230 firewood, 229 planetary scale, 229, 235 pros <strong>and</strong> cons, 235–236 usage, 106, 108, 109, 229 birth rate, see population, birth/death rate buses, 400 capacity factor, 176 geothermal, 279 hydroelectric, 176, 180 nuclear, 256 solar, 217 tidal energy, 281 wind, 190, 191, 193 carrying capacity, 34 cars, 213, 400 cats, destroyers of sofas, 317 chemistry chemical energy, 121, 379–380 ideal gas law, 89, 381–382 molecules, 377 moles, 375–376 periodic table, 375 reactions, 378 stoichiometry, 376–379 China’s one-child policy, 47 climate change, 123, 138–158, 291 climate sensitivity parameter, 147 CO 2 expectations, 140–143 CO 2 measurements, 139–140 CO 2 source, 138–139 CO 2 spectrum, 145 consequences, 150–157 contributing countries, 143 feedback, 147 geo-engineering, 157 heating, 151–155 Kyoto Protocol, 139, 320 mitigating, 157–158 Paris Agreement, 139, 320 possible trajectories, 148–150 radiative forcing, 146, 146, 147, 151, 151 sea level rise, 155–157 warming mechanism, 143–147 CO 2 atmospheric spectrum, 145 contributing countries, 143 conversion from power, 140, 141 expectations, 140–143 © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr.; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Lic.; Freely available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/energy_ambitions.
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UC San Diego Energy</strong
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Copyright: © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr
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v Preface: Before Taking the Plunge
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vii to internalize (“own") the co
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facilitating a quick return to the
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xi Contents Preface: Before Taking
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8.4 Fossil Fuel Pros and</s
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15.4.8 Pros and Co
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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2 1 Exponential Growth Huma
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1 Exponential Growth 4 The populati
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1 Exponential Growth 6 case we get:
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1 Exponential Growth 8 10 13 <stron
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1 Exponential Growth 10 the impossi
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1 Exponential Growth 12 which we ca
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1 Exponential Growth 14 3. Our exam
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1 Exponential Growth 16 22. Adapt E
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2 Economic Growth Limits 18 But res
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2 Economic Growth Limits 20 perhaps
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2 Economic Growth Limits 22 theoret
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2 Economic Growth Limits 24 2.3 Phy
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2 Economic Growth Limits 26 who wan
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2 Economic Growth Limits 28 Just be
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30 3 Population Underlying virtuall
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3 Population 32 In more recent year
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3 Population 34 which is really jus
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3 Population 36 Definition 3.2.3 Ov
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3 Population 38 halfway to the limi
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3 Population 40 50 Niger Birth rate
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3 Population 42 Figure 3.14: Absolu
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3 Population 44 Country Population
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3 Population 46 continue until all
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3 Population 48 began to climb, lea
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3 Population 50 think that is (hint
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3 Population 52 22. The set of diag
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54 4 Space Exploration vs. Coloniza
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4 Space Colonization 56 Body Symbol
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4 Space Colonization 58 scale of th
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4 Space Colonization 60 4.3 A Host
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4 Space Colonization 62 Hum
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4 Space Colonization 64 4.5 Upshot:
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4 Space Colonization 66 Americans g
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Summary of Current Charges (See pag
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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84 6 Putting Thermal Energy
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6 Putting Thermal Energy</s
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102 7 The Energy L
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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114 8 Fossil Fuels We are now ready
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8 Fossil Fuels 116 ultimately consi
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8 Fossil Fuels 118 16 14 12 gas 2 T
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8 Fossil Fuels 120 barrel of crude
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8 Fossil Fuels 122 Note that fossil
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8 Fossil Fuels 124 problem of uncer
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8 Fossil Fuels 126 4. Increased dif
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8 Fossil Fuels 128 rate at which it
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8 Fossil Fuels 130 The U.S. experie
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8 Fossil Fuels 132 Box 8.3: Resourc
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8 Fossil Fuels 134 scarcity <strong
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8 Fossil Fuels 136 occupies 7.4 mL
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138 9 Climate Change Climate change
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9 Climate Change 140 When the measu
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9 Climate Change 142 80 CO2 ppmV an
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9 Climate Change 144 (p. 10) that t
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9 Climate Change 146 change, but a
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9 Climate Change 148 9.3 Possible T
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9 Climate Change 150 140 CO2 ppmV a
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9 Climate Change 152 directly escap
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9 Climate Change 154 component math
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9 Climate Change 156 1880, sea leve
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9 Climate Change 158 The last chapt
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9 Climate Change 160 skeptic” who
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9 Climate Change 162 forcing is 3
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164 10 Renewable Overview We now un
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10 Renewable Overview 166 The sun w
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10 Renewable Overview 168 Treating
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10 Renewable Overview 170 Source qB
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10 Renewable Overview 172 sun overh
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11 Hydroelectric Energy</st
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184 12 Wind Energy
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12 Wind Energy 186
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12 Wind Energy 188
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12 Wind Energy 190
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12 Wind Energy 192
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12 Wind Energy 194
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12 Wind Energy 196
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13 Solar Energy 19
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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14 Biological Energy</stron
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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16 Small Players 276 0.1 W/m 2 , ma
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16 Small Players 278 heat to diffus
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16 Small Players 280 not expect geo
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16 Small Players 282 almost 200 tim
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16 Small Players 284 It’s not an
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16 Small Players 286 16.5 Hydrogen
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16 Small Players 288 5. What are yo
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 290 v
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 292 p
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 294 <
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 296 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 298 I
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 300 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 302 5
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304 18 Human Facto
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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316 19 A Plan Might Be Welcome Havi
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 318 ther
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 320 Box
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 322 econ
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 324 In e
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 326 19.4
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328 20 Adaptation Strategies We mad
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20 Adaptation Strategies 330 debate
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20 Adaptation Strategies 332 the en
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20 Adaptation Strategies 334 20.3.2
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20 Adaptation Strategies 336 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 338 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 340 Defini
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20 Adaptation Strategies 342 Since
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20 Adaptation Strategies 344 2. kee
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20 Adaptation Strategies 346 Try mo
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20 Adaptation Strategies 348 a) lap
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350 Epilogue This book may be distr
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Epilogue 352 ◮ Fossil fuels are a
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354 Image Attributions 1. Cover Pho
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356 Changes and Co
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Part V Appendices
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A.1 Relax on the Decimals 360 What
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A.3 Areas and Volu
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A.4 Fractions 364 Figure A.1: Paral
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A.6 Fractional Powers 366 writing t
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A.8 Equation Hunting 368 to perform
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A.10 Units Manipulation 370 Looks l
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A.10 Units Manipulation 372 we soug
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A.11 Just the Start 374 useful foun
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B.2 Stoichiometry 376 other element
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B.2 Stoichiometry 378 + C + O 2 CO
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B.3 Chemical Energy</strong
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B.4 Ideal Gas Law 382 Example B.4.2
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C Selected Answers 384 10. May help
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C Selected Answers 386 19. Twice, t
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Page 414 and 415: D.2 Cosmic Energy
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Page 432 and 433: 412 Bibliography References are in
Page 434 and 435: 414 [30] International Space Statio
Page 436 and 437: 416 [63] NASA. The NASA Earth’s <
Page 438 and 439: 418 [97] D A Pfeiffer. Eating Fossi
Page 440 and 441: 420 Notation This list describes se
Page 442 and 443: 422 Glossary AC alternating current
Page 444 and 445: 424 thing as a kilocalorie. Note th
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Page 448 and 449: 428 EROEI Energy R
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Page 460 and 461: 440 fossil fuel intensity, 138 hist
Page 462 and 463: 442 heat pump, 99, 297 geothermal e
Page 464 and 465: 444 capacity factor, 216, 217 cell
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