Energy and Human Ambitions on a Finite Planet, 2021a

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426 demographic transition refers to the process in which an undeveloped country initially having high birth rate <strong>and</strong> high death rate transitions to low death rates followed by low birth rates as medical <strong>and</strong> resource conditions improve. 39, 44 deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen, in which the nucleus (called a deuteron) contains one proton <strong>and</strong> one neutron. 248, 265, 266, 272, 274, 299, 426 deuteron is the nucleus of deuterium, consisting of one proton <strong>and</strong> one neutron. 265, 425, 426 dietary energy factor is the quantitative energy impact of a set of dietary choices compared to a vegetarian diet. A typical American diet has a dietary energy factor around 2, meaning it takes twice as much energy as would a vegetarian diet. This term is not in universal use. 339–341, 349, 428 differential equation is an equation that relates functions <strong>and</strong> their derivatives. The subject is often sequenced after calculus within a curriculum. 33, 34 doping is a process by which deliberate impurities are introduced into a semiconductor in order to change its properties with respect to transport of electrons or holes. 202, 431 doubling time is how long it takes a system or collection to double its amount under conditions of growth, such as in exponential growth. See also the rule of 70. 2, 6, 23, 31, 32, 405 D–T fusion combines a deuteron ( 2 H nucleus) <strong>and</strong> a triton ( 3 H) as the fuel for fusion, achieving an energy density of 81 million kcal/g. 265, 267 duty cycle refers to the percentage of time something is “active.” For example, a refrigerator may be on 40% of the time to maintain internal temperature, in which case its duty cycle is 40%. 88, 334 Ecological Economics is a field that builds economic theory on top of the notion that the planet offers finite resources <strong>and</strong> flows. A principle aim is that of a steady-state economy capable of indefinite planetary compatibility. 323, 324 EER energy efficiency ratio. 97–99, 427, 430 EIA <strong>Energy</strong> Information Administration. 7, 75, 102, 103, 106, 107, 131, 170, 215, 422, 426 Electric Power Monthly (EPM) is compiled by the U.S. EIA, capturing electricity production <strong>and</strong> usage at the state level from all energy sources [85]. 215, 427 electromagnetic radiation refers to any transport of energy by electromagnetic waves, which include light, ultraviolet, infrared, X-rays, microwaves, gamma rays, <strong>and</strong> radio waves. 10, 198, 397, 426, 431, 435 electromagnetic spectrum refers to the sweep of wavelengths or frequencies of electromagnetic radiation, including light, ultraviolet, infrared, X-rays, microwaves, gamma rays, <strong>and</strong> radio waves. 79, 392 © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr.; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Lic.; Freely available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/energy_ambitions.
427 electron is a fundamental particle typically found in the outer parts of atoms, surrounding the nucleus. Electrons have negative charge equal <strong>and</strong> opposite to that of protons, but are 1,836 times lighter than the proton, at 0.511 MeV. 77, 78, 198, 202, 239, 244, 245, 255, 395, 422, 423, 425, 426, 429, 430, 433–435, 438 electron-volt (eV) is a unit of energy, defined as the energy (work) it takes to push a charge of one fundamental charge unit (see entry for Coulomb) through an electric potential of one Volt. 1 eV is equivalent to 1.6 × 10 −19 Joules. 78, 198, 223, 248, 428, 432 element pertains to a single atom on the Periodic Table. For instance, hydrogen, helium, <strong>and</strong> carbon are all elements. 376, 379, 424, 432 energy is defined as the capacity to do work. The SI unit is the Joule. 68, 73, 77, 174, 334, 379, 423–425, 427, 431, 434, 437, 438 energy density describes how concentrated energy is in a substance, quantified as energy per unit mass. In chemical contexts, anything around 10 kcal/g or higher is considered energy–dense, while substances at about 1 kcal/g or lower are poor. Carbohydrates <strong>and</strong> proteins are middling, around 4 kcal/g, while fat is 9 kcal/g, <strong>and</strong> therefore among the more energy–dense substances. 121, 122, 175, 228, 230, 231, 236, 237, 254, 256, 264, 277, 290, 380, 398, 425, 426, 428 energy efficiency ratio (EER) refers to the energy gain by a heat pump, usually in the context of cooling rather than heating. Its units are odd, defining how many British thermal units (thermal energy)maybe moved per Watt-hour of input energy, but relating to ε cool (defined in Eq. 6.10 (p. 95)) by a simple numerical factor: EER 3.41ε cool . Sometimes seen as SEER to represent a seasonal average EER value. 97, 98, 426 energy intensity measures the energy use of a society relative to its economic scale. A typical value may be about 5 MJ/$. 19, 336 energy trap refers to a phenomenon in which energy shortage motivates aggressive pursuit of alternative energy schemes, but that pursuit requires substantial energy investment—forcing an even more acute but voluntary energy shortage, which is politically difficult. 132, 301, 310, 311 enriched see enrichment. 258, 262 enrichment refers to the process of increasing the concentration of a particular isotope within a sample of 235 an element. Usually, this term is applied to the concentration of U from its natural 0.72% to 3–5% for power plants or >20% (typically ∼85%) for weapons. 258, 427 entropy is a measure of how many ways a system can be configured for some fixed energy level. The entropy of a closed system cannot decrease. 90, 396, 420 Environmental Economics is an offshoot of neo-classical economics that adds a layer of pricing to capture “externalities,” or environmental costs not normally included in market price. 323 EPM Electric Power Monthly. 215, 426 © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr.; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Lic.; Freely available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/energy_ambitions.
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UC San Diego Energy</strong
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Copyright: © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr
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v Preface: Before Taking the Plunge
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vii to internalize (“own") the co
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facilitating a quick return to the
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xi Contents Preface: Before Taking
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8.4 Fossil Fuel Pros and</s
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15.4.8 Pros and Co
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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2 1 Exponential Growth Huma
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1 Exponential Growth 4 The populati
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1 Exponential Growth 6 case we get:
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1 Exponential Growth 8 10 13 <stron
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1 Exponential Growth 10 the impossi
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1 Exponential Growth 12 which we ca
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1 Exponential Growth 14 3. Our exam
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1 Exponential Growth 16 22. Adapt E
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2 Economic Growth Limits 18 But res
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2 Economic Growth Limits 20 perhaps
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2 Economic Growth Limits 22 theoret
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2 Economic Growth Limits 24 2.3 Phy
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2 Economic Growth Limits 26 who wan
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2 Economic Growth Limits 28 Just be
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30 3 Population Underlying virtuall
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3 Population 32 In more recent year
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3 Population 34 which is really jus
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3 Population 36 Definition 3.2.3 Ov
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3 Population 38 halfway to the limi
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3 Population 40 50 Niger Birth rate
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3 Population 42 Figure 3.14: Absolu
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3 Population 44 Country Population
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3 Population 46 continue until all
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3 Population 48 began to climb, lea
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3 Population 50 think that is (hint
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3 Population 52 22. The set of diag
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54 4 Space Exploration vs. Coloniza
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4 Space Colonization 56 Body Symbol
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4 Space Colonization 58 scale of th
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4 Space Colonization 60 4.3 A Host
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4 Space Colonization 62 Hum
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4 Space Colonization 64 4.5 Upshot:
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4 Space Colonization 66 Americans g
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Summary of Current Charges (See pag
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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84 6 Putting Thermal Energy
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6 Putting Thermal Energy</s
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102 7 The Energy L
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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114 8 Fossil Fuels We are now ready
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8 Fossil Fuels 116 ultimately consi
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8 Fossil Fuels 118 16 14 12 gas 2 T
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8 Fossil Fuels 120 barrel of crude
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8 Fossil Fuels 122 Note that fossil
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8 Fossil Fuels 124 problem of uncer
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8 Fossil Fuels 126 4. Increased dif
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8 Fossil Fuels 128 rate at which it
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8 Fossil Fuels 130 The U.S. experie
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8 Fossil Fuels 132 Box 8.3: Resourc
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8 Fossil Fuels 134 scarcity <strong
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8 Fossil Fuels 136 occupies 7.4 mL
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138 9 Climate Change Climate change
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9 Climate Change 140 When the measu
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9 Climate Change 142 80 CO2 ppmV an
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9 Climate Change 144 (p. 10) that t
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9 Climate Change 146 change, but a
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9 Climate Change 148 9.3 Possible T
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9 Climate Change 150 140 CO2 ppmV a
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9 Climate Change 152 directly escap
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9 Climate Change 154 component math
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9 Climate Change 156 1880, sea leve
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9 Climate Change 158 The last chapt
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9 Climate Change 160 skeptic” who
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9 Climate Change 162 forcing is 3
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164 10 Renewable Overview We now un
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10 Renewable Overview 166 The sun w
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10 Renewable Overview 168 Treating
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10 Renewable Overview 170 Source qB
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10 Renewable Overview 172 sun overh
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11 Hydroelectric Energy</st
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184 12 Wind Energy
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12 Wind Energy 186
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12 Wind Energy 188
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12 Wind Energy 190
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12 Wind Energy 192
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12 Wind Energy 194
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12 Wind Energy 196
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13 Solar Energy 19
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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14 Biological Energy</stron
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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16 Small Players 276 0.1 W/m 2 , ma
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16 Small Players 278 heat to diffus
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16 Small Players 280 not expect geo
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16 Small Players 282 almost 200 tim
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16 Small Players 284 It’s not an
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16 Small Players 286 16.5 Hydrogen
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16 Small Players 288 5. What are yo
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 290 v
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 292 p
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 294 <
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 296 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 298 I
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 300 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 302 5
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304 18 Human Facto
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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316 19 A Plan Might Be Welcome Havi
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 318 ther
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 320 Box
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 322 econ
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 324 In e
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 326 19.4
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328 20 Adaptation Strategies We mad
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20 Adaptation Strategies 330 debate
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20 Adaptation Strategies 332 the en
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20 Adaptation Strategies 334 20.3.2
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20 Adaptation Strategies 336 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 338 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 340 Defini
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20 Adaptation Strategies 342 Since
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20 Adaptation Strategies 344 2. kee
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20 Adaptation Strategies 346 Try mo
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20 Adaptation Strategies 348 a) lap
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350 Epilogue This book may be distr
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Epilogue 352 ◮ Fossil fuels are a
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354 Image Attributions 1. Cover Pho
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356 Changes and Co
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Part V Appendices
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A.1 Relax on the Decimals 360 What
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A.3 Areas and Volu
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A.4 Fractions 364 Figure A.1: Paral
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A.6 Fractional Powers 366 writing t
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A.8 Equation Hunting 368 to perform
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A.10 Units Manipulation 370 Looks l
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A.10 Units Manipulation 372 we soug
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A.11 Just the Start 374 useful foun
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Page 412 and 413: Alluring Tangents D This Appendix c
Page 414 and 415: D.2 Cosmic Energy
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Page 418 and 419: D.3 Electrified Transport 398 Box 1
Page 420 and 421: D.3 Electrified Transport 400 It is
Page 422 and 423: D.4 Pushing Out the Moon 402 D.3.6
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Page 428 and 429: D.6 Too Smart to Succeed? 408 Can i
Page 430 and 431: D.6 Too Smart to Succeed? 410 as we
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Page 436 and 437: 416 [63] NASA. The NASA Earth’s <
Page 438 and 439: 418 [97] D A Pfeiffer. Eating Fossi
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Page 442 and 443: 422 Glossary AC alternating current
Page 444 and 445: 424 thing as a kilocalorie. Note th
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Page 458 and 459: 438 triton is the nucleus of tritiu
Page 460 and 461: 440 fossil fuel intensity, 138 hist
Page 462 and 463: 442 heat pump, 99, 297 geothermal e
Page 464 and 465: 444 capacity factor, 216, 217 cell
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