Energy and Human Ambitions on a Finite Planet, 2021a

More documents

Recommendations

Info

14 Biological <strong>Energy</strong> 238 area be in terms of the side length of a square in units of kilometers. Draw this to approximate scale on a crude representation of the contiguous U.S. And this is at the optimistic end. 14. What fraction of the earth’s 100 TW biological budget (all life on the planet) do you think is justifiable to use in service of human energy needs? Explain your reasoning. What does this become in TW, <strong>and</strong> how does it compare to our 18 TW current appetite? If the EROEI is less than 2:1 (as it is for many biofuels), we would cut your estimate in TW by more than half to account for the diverted energy used for extraction. © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr.; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Lic.; Freely available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/energy_ambitions.
239 15 Nuclear <strong>Energy</strong> Most of the energy forms discussed thus far derive from sunlight— either contemporary input or fossilized storage. The fuel for nuclear energy is truly ancient, predating the solar system. The heavy elements participating in fission were produced by astrophysical cataclysms (most likely merging neutron stars), while the hydrogen building blocks for fusion originated in the Big Bang itself. In brief, fission involves the splitting of heavy nuclei into smaller pieces, while fusion builds larger nuclei from smaller ones. While only fission has been successfully implemented as a source of societal energy, both types essentially boil down to the same thing: a source of heat to make steam <strong>and</strong> drive a heat engine. How <strong>and</strong> why nuclear material generates heat will be a primary focus of this chapter. Many practical concerns surround nuclear power, such as safety, weapons, waste, <strong>and</strong> proliferation of dangerous material. Self-pride for the impressive accomplishment of mastering nature well enough to implement nuclear power may not adequately justify continued reliance upon it—even if it is not a direct emitter of CO 2 . 15.1 The Nucleus .......... 239 15.2 Radioactive Decay ...... 242 15.3 Mass <strong>Energy</strong> ......... 246 15.4 Fission ............. 249 The Basic Idea ........ 250 Chain Reaction ........ 251 Fission Accounting ..... 251 Practical Implementations . 255 Nuclear Waste ......... 260 Weapons <strong>and</strong> Proliferation 262 Nuclear Safety ........ 263 Pros <strong>and</strong> Cons of Fission .. 264 15.5 Fusion ............. 264 Fuel Abundance ....... 266 Fusion Realities ....... 267 Pros <strong>and</strong> Cons of Fusion .. 268 15.6 Upshot on Nuclear ...... 269 15.7 Problems ............ 269 Underst<strong>and</strong>ing nuclear energy requires a longer journey than was needed for hydroelectricity, wind, <strong>and</strong> solar photovoltaics. We first learn about the nucleus <strong>and</strong> its many configurations, how nuclei transform from one to another through radioactive decay, the role E mc 2 plays, <strong>and</strong> finally dig into the workings of fission <strong>and</strong> fusion. 15.1 The Nucleus First, what is a nucleus? Every (neutral) atom consists of a positivelycharged nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negative electrons (Figure 15.1). Cooling towers of the decommissioned Satsop nuclear power plant in Washington. Photo credit: Tom Murphy © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr.; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Lic.; Freely available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/energy_ambitions.
Page 2 and 3:
UC San Diego Energy</strong
Page 4 and 5:
Copyright: © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr
Page 7 and 8:
v Preface: Before Taking the Plunge
Page 9 and 10:
vii to internalize (“own") the co
Page 11 and 12:
facilitating a quick return to the
Page 13 and 14:
xi Contents Preface: Before Taking
Page 15 and 16:
8.4 Fossil Fuel Pros and</s
Page 17 and 18:
15.4.8 Pros and Co
Page 19:
D.2 Cosmic Energy
Page 22 and 23:
2 1 Exponential Growth Huma
Page 24 and 25:
1 Exponential Growth 4 The populati
Page 26 and 27:
1 Exponential Growth 6 case we get:
Page 28 and 29:
1 Exponential Growth 8 10 13 <stron
Page 30 and 31:
1 Exponential Growth 10 the impossi
Page 32 and 33:
1 Exponential Growth 12 which we ca
Page 34 and 35:
1 Exponential Growth 14 3. Our exam
Page 36 and 37:
1 Exponential Growth 16 22. Adapt E
Page 38 and 39:
2 Economic Growth Limits 18 But res
Page 40 and 41:
2 Economic Growth Limits 20 perhaps
Page 42 and 43:
2 Economic Growth Limits 22 theoret
Page 44 and 45:
2 Economic Growth Limits 24 2.3 Phy
Page 46 and 47:
2 Economic Growth Limits 26 who wan
Page 48 and 49:
2 Economic Growth Limits 28 Just be
Page 50 and 51:
30 3 Population Underlying virtuall
Page 52 and 53:
3 Population 32 In more recent year
Page 54 and 55:
3 Population 34 which is really jus
Page 56 and 57:
3 Population 36 Definition 3.2.3 Ov
Page 58 and 59:
3 Population 38 halfway to the limi
Page 60 and 61:
3 Population 40 50 Niger Birth rate
Page 62 and 63:
3 Population 42 Figure 3.14: Absolu
Page 64 and 65:
3 Population 44 Country Population
Page 66 and 67:
3 Population 46 continue until all
Page 68 and 69:
3 Population 48 began to climb, lea
Page 70 and 71:
3 Population 50 think that is (hint
Page 72 and 73:
3 Population 52 22. The set of diag
Page 74 and 75:
54 4 Space Exploration vs. Coloniza
Page 76 and 77:
4 Space Colonization 56 Body Symbol
Page 78 and 79:
4 Space Colonization 58 scale of th
Page 80 and 81:
4 Space Colonization 60 4.3 A Host
Page 82 and 83:
4 Space Colonization 62 Hum
Page 84 and 85:
4 Space Colonization 64 4.5 Upshot:
Page 86 and 87:
4 Space Colonization 66 Americans g
Page 88 and 89:
Summary of Current Charges (See pag
Page 90 and 91:
5 Energy a
Page 92 and 93:
5 Energy a
Page 94 and 95:
5 Energy a
Page 96 and 97:
5 Energy a
Page 98 and 99:
5 Energy a
Page 100 and 101:
5 Energy a
Page 102 and 103:
5 Energy a
Page 104 and 105:
84 6 Putting Thermal Energy
Page 106 and 107:
6 Putting Thermal Energy</s
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
102 7 The Energy L
Page 124 and 125:
7 The Energy L<str
Page 126 and 127:
7 The Energy L<str
Page 128 and 129:
7 The Energy L<str
Page 130 and 131:
7 The Energy L<str
Page 132 and 133:
7 The Energy L<str
Page 134 and 135:
114 8 Fossil Fuels We are now ready
Page 136 and 137:
8 Fossil Fuels 116 ultimately consi
Page 138 and 139:
8 Fossil Fuels 118 16 14 12 gas 2 T
Page 140 and 141:
8 Fossil Fuels 120 barrel of crude
Page 142 and 143:
8 Fossil Fuels 122 Note that fossil
Page 144 and 145:
8 Fossil Fuels 124 problem of uncer
Page 146 and 147:
8 Fossil Fuels 126 4. Increased dif
Page 148 and 149:
8 Fossil Fuels 128 rate at which it
Page 150 and 151:
8 Fossil Fuels 130 The U.S. experie
Page 152 and 153:
8 Fossil Fuels 132 Box 8.3: Resourc
Page 154 and 155:
8 Fossil Fuels 134 scarcity <strong
Page 156 and 157:
8 Fossil Fuels 136 occupies 7.4 mL
Page 158 and 159:
138 9 Climate Change Climate change
Page 160 and 161:
9 Climate Change 140 When the measu
Page 162 and 163:
9 Climate Change 142 80 CO2 ppmV an
Page 164 and 165:
9 Climate Change 144 (p. 10) that t
Page 166 and 167:
9 Climate Change 146 change, but a
Page 168 and 169:
9 Climate Change 148 9.3 Possible T
Page 170 and 171:
9 Climate Change 150 140 CO2 ppmV a
Page 172 and 173:
9 Climate Change 152 directly escap
Page 174 and 175:
9 Climate Change 154 component math
Page 176 and 177:
9 Climate Change 156 1880, sea leve
Page 178 and 179:
9 Climate Change 158 The last chapt
Page 180 and 181:
9 Climate Change 160 skeptic” who
Page 182 and 183:
9 Climate Change 162 forcing is 3
Page 184 and 185:
164 10 Renewable Overview We now un
Page 186 and 187:
10 Renewable Overview 166 The sun w
Page 188 and 189:
10 Renewable Overview 168 Treating
Page 190 and 191:
10 Renewable Overview 170 Source qB
Page 192 and 193:
10 Renewable Overview 172 sun overh
Page 194 and 195:
11 Hydroelectric Energy</st
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
184 12 Wind Energy
Page 206 and 207:
12 Wind Energy 186
Page 208 and 209: 12 Wind Energy 188
Page 218 and 219: 13 Solar Energy 19
Page 248 and 249: 14 Biological Energy</stron
Page 260 and 261: 15 Nuclear Energy
Page 296 and 297: 16 Small Players 276 0.1 W/m 2 , ma
Page 298 and 299: 16 Small Players 278 heat to diffus
Page 300 and 301: 16 Small Players 280 not expect geo
Page 302 and 303: 16 Small Players 282 almost 200 tim
Page 304 and 305: 16 Small Players 284 It’s not an
Page 306 and 307: 16 Small Players 286 16.5 Hydrogen
Page 308 and 309:
16 Small Players 288 5. What are yo
Page 310 and 311:
17 Comparison of Alternatives 290 v
Page 312 and 313:
17 Comparison of Alternatives 292 p
Page 314 and 315:
17 Comparison of Alternatives 294 <
Page 316 and 317:
17 Comparison of Alternatives 296 T
Page 318 and 319:
17 Comparison of Alternatives 298 I
Page 320 and 321:
17 Comparison of Alternatives 300 T
Page 322 and 323:
17 Comparison of Alternatives 302 5
Page 324 and 325:
304 18 Human Facto
Page 326 and 327:
18 Human Factors 3
Page 328 and 329:
18 Human Factors 3
Page 330 and 331:
18 Human Factors 3
Page 332 and 333:
18 Human Factors 3
Page 334 and 335:
18 Human Factors 3
Page 336 and 337:
316 19 A Plan Might Be Welcome Havi
Page 338 and 339:
19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 318 ther
Page 340 and 341:
19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 320 Box
Page 342 and 343:
19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 322 econ
Page 344 and 345:
19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 324 In e
Page 346 and 347:
19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 326 19.4
Page 348 and 349:
328 20 Adaptation Strategies We mad
Page 350 and 351:
20 Adaptation Strategies 330 debate
Page 352 and 353:
20 Adaptation Strategies 332 the en
Page 354 and 355:
20 Adaptation Strategies 334 20.3.2
Page 356 and 357:
20 Adaptation Strategies 336 Exampl
Page 358 and 359:
20 Adaptation Strategies 338 Exampl
Page 360 and 361:
20 Adaptation Strategies 340 Defini
Page 362 and 363:
20 Adaptation Strategies 342 Since
Page 364 and 365:
20 Adaptation Strategies 344 2. kee
Page 366 and 367:
20 Adaptation Strategies 346 Try mo
Page 368 and 369:
20 Adaptation Strategies 348 a) lap
Page 370 and 371:
350 Epilogue This book may be distr
Page 372 and 373:
Epilogue 352 ◮ Fossil fuels are a
Page 374 and 375:
354 Image Attributions 1. Cover Pho
Page 376 and 377:
356 Changes and Co
Page 378 and 379:
Part V Appendices
Page 380 and 381:
A.1 Relax on the Decimals 360 What
Page 382 and 383:
A.3 Areas and Volu
Page 384 and 385:
A.4 Fractions 364 Figure A.1: Paral
Page 386 and 387:
A.6 Fractional Powers 366 writing t
Page 388 and 389:
A.8 Equation Hunting 368 to perform
Page 390 and 391:
A.10 Units Manipulation 370 Looks l
Page 392 and 393:
A.10 Units Manipulation 372 we soug
Page 394 and 395:
A.11 Just the Start 374 useful foun
Page 396 and 397:
B.2 Stoichiometry 376 other element
Page 398 and 399:
B.2 Stoichiometry 378 + C + O 2 CO
Page 400 and 401:
B.3 Chemical Energy</strong
Page 402 and 403:
B.4 Ideal Gas Law 382 Example B.4.2
Page 404 and 405:
C Selected Answers 384 10. May help
Page 406 and 407:
C Selected Answers 386 19. Twice, t
Page 408 and 409:
C Selected Answers 388 Chapter 11 1
Page 410 and 411:
C Selected Answers 390 13. Box bare
Page 412 and 413:
Alluring Tangents D This Appendix c
Page 414 and 415:
D.2 Cosmic Energy
Page 416 and 417:
D.2 Cosmic Energy
Page 418 and 419:
D.3 Electrified Transport 398 Box 1
Page 420 and 421:
D.3 Electrified Transport 400 It is
Page 422 and 423:
D.4 Pushing Out the Moon 402 D.3.6
Page 424 and 425:
D.5 Humanity’s L
Page 426 and 427:
D.5 Humanity’s L
Page 428 and 429:
D.6 Too Smart to Succeed? 408 Can i
Page 430 and 431:
D.6 Too Smart to Succeed? 410 as we
Page 432 and 433:
412 Bibliography References are in
Page 434 and 435:
414 [30] International Space Statio
Page 436 and 437:
416 [63] NASA. The NASA Earth’s <
Page 438 and 439:
418 [97] D A Pfeiffer. Eating Fossi
Page 440 and 441:
420 Notation This list describes se
Page 442 and 443:
422 Glossary AC alternating current
Page 444 and 445:
424 thing as a kilocalorie. Note th
Page 446 and 447:
426 demographic transition refers t
Page 448 and 449:
428 EROEI Energy R
Page 450 and 451:
430 specific heat capacity is 4,184
Page 452 and 453:
432 kWh kilowatt-hour. 76, 159, 214
Page 454 and 455:
434 parts per million by mass (ppm
Page 456 and 457:
436 refinement is the process by wh
Page 458 and 459:
438 triton is the nucleus of tritiu
Page 460 and 461:
440 fossil fuel intensity, 138 hist
Page 462 and 463:
442 heat pump, 99, 297 geothermal e
Page 464 and 465:
444 capacity factor, 216, 217 cell
show all

Energy and Human Ambitions on a Finite Planet, 2021a

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?