Energy and Human Ambitions on a Finite Planet, 2021a

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4.6 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 II <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>and</strong> Fossil Fuels 67 5 <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>and</strong> Power Units 68 5.1 <strong>Energy</strong> (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.2 <strong>Energy</strong> Forms & Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 5.3 Power (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5.4 Kilowatt-hour (kWh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.5 Calories (kcal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.6 British Thermal Unit (Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.7 Therms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.8 Electrical Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.9 Electron Volt (eV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.10 Light <strong>Energy</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.11 Upshot on Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.12 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 6 Putting Thermal <strong>Energy</strong> to Work 84 6.1 Generating Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 6.2 Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6.3 Home Heating/Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 6.4 Heat Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 6.4.1 Entropy <strong>and</strong> Efficiency Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 6.5 Heat Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 6.5.1 Consumer Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 6.6 Upshot on Thermal <strong>Energy</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 6.7 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 7 The <strong>Energy</strong> L<strong>and</strong>scape 102 7.1 The Annual <strong>Energy</strong> Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 7.1.1 <strong>Energy</strong> Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 7.1.2 Source <strong>and</strong> Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 7.1.3 Detailed Mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 7.1.4 <strong>Energy</strong> Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 7.2 Global <strong>Energy</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 7.2.1 U.S. Global Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 7.3 Upshot: Go to the Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 7.4 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 8 Fossil Fuels 114 8.1 The Most Important Plot Ever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 8.2 Overview: Coal, Oil, <strong>and</strong> Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 8.2.1 Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 8.2.2 Petroleum (Oil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 8.2.3 Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 8.3 Chemical <strong>Energy</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
8.4 Fossil Fuel Pros <strong>and</strong> Cons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 8.4.1 Fossil Fuels are Amazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 8.4.2 Fossil Fuels are Terrible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 8.4.3 On Balance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 8.5 The Future of Fossil Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 8.5.1 Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 8.5.2 Timescales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 8.5.3 Clues in the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 8.5.4 Geopolitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 8.6 Upshot: Good, Bad, Limited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 8.7 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 9 Climate Change 138 9.1 The Source of CO 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 9.1.1 CO 2 Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 9.1.2 CO 2 Expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 9.1.3 Chief Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 9.2 Warming Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 9.3 Possible Trajectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 9.4 Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 9.4.1 Heating Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 9.4.2 Heating Earth’s Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 9.4.3 Sea Level Rise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 9.5 What Can Be Done? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 9.6 Upshot: A Serious Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 9.7 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 III Alternative <strong>Energy</strong> 163 10 Renewable Overview 164 10.1 The Players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 10.2 Alternatives vs. Renewables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 10.3 Renewable <strong>Energy</strong> Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 10.4 Renewable Snapshot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 10.5 Upshot: Our Path Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 10.6 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 11 Hydroelectric <strong>Energy</strong> 173 11.1 Grav. Potential <strong>Energy</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 11.1.1 Comparison to Other Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 11.2 Hydroelectric <strong>Energy</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 11.2.1 Theoretical Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 11.3 Hydropower in the U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 11.4 Global Hydropower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 11.5 Upshot: Pros <strong>and</strong> Cons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 11.6 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Page 2 and 3: UC San Diego Energy</strong
Page 4 and 5: Copyright: © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr
Page 7 and 8: v Preface: Before Taking the Plunge
Page 9 and 10: vii to internalize (“own") the co
Page 11 and 12: facilitating a quick return to the
Page 13: xi Contents Preface: Before Taking
Page 17 and 18: 15.4.8 Pros and Co
Page 19: D.2 Cosmic Energy
Page 22 and 23: 2 1 Exponential Growth Huma
Page 24 and 25: 1 Exponential Growth 4 The populati
Page 26 and 27: 1 Exponential Growth 6 case we get:
Page 28 and 29: 1 Exponential Growth 8 10 13 <stron
Page 30 and 31: 1 Exponential Growth 10 the impossi
Page 32 and 33: 1 Exponential Growth 12 which we ca
Page 34 and 35: 1 Exponential Growth 14 3. Our exam
Page 36 and 37: 1 Exponential Growth 16 22. Adapt E
Page 38 and 39: 2 Economic Growth Limits 18 But res
Page 40 and 41: 2 Economic Growth Limits 20 perhaps
Page 42 and 43: 2 Economic Growth Limits 22 theoret
Page 44 and 45: 2 Economic Growth Limits 24 2.3 Phy
Page 46 and 47: 2 Economic Growth Limits 26 who wan
Page 48 and 49: 2 Economic Growth Limits 28 Just be
Page 50 and 51: 30 3 Population Underlying virtuall
Page 52 and 53: 3 Population 32 In more recent year
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3 Population 44 Country Population
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3 Population 46 continue until all
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3 Population 48 began to climb, lea
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3 Population 50 think that is (hint
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3 Population 52 22. The set of diag
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54 4 Space Exploration vs. Coloniza
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4 Space Colonization 56 Body Symbol
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4 Space Colonization 58 scale of th
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4 Space Colonization 60 4.3 A Host
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4 Space Colonization 62 Hum
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4 Space Colonization 64 4.5 Upshot:
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4 Space Colonization 66 Americans g
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Summary of Current Charges (See pag
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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84 6 Putting Thermal Energy
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6 Putting Thermal Energy</s
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102 7 The Energy L
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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114 8 Fossil Fuels We are now ready
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8 Fossil Fuels 116 ultimately consi
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8 Fossil Fuels 118 16 14 12 gas 2 T
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8 Fossil Fuels 120 barrel of crude
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8 Fossil Fuels 122 Note that fossil
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8 Fossil Fuels 124 problem of uncer
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8 Fossil Fuels 126 4. Increased dif
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8 Fossil Fuels 128 rate at which it
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8 Fossil Fuels 130 The U.S. experie
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8 Fossil Fuels 132 Box 8.3: Resourc
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8 Fossil Fuels 134 scarcity <strong
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8 Fossil Fuels 136 occupies 7.4 mL
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138 9 Climate Change Climate change
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9 Climate Change 140 When the measu
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9 Climate Change 142 80 CO2 ppmV an
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9 Climate Change 144 (p. 10) that t
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9 Climate Change 146 change, but a
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9 Climate Change 148 9.3 Possible T
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9 Climate Change 150 140 CO2 ppmV a
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9 Climate Change 152 directly escap
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9 Climate Change 154 component math
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9 Climate Change 156 1880, sea leve
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9 Climate Change 158 The last chapt
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9 Climate Change 160 skeptic” who
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9 Climate Change 162 forcing is 3
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164 10 Renewable Overview We now un
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10 Renewable Overview 166 The sun w
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10 Renewable Overview 168 Treating
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10 Renewable Overview 170 Source qB
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10 Renewable Overview 172 sun overh
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11 Hydroelectric Energy</st
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184 12 Wind Energy
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12 Wind Energy 186
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12 Wind Energy 188
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12 Wind Energy 190
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12 Wind Energy 192
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12 Wind Energy 194
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12 Wind Energy 196
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13 Solar Energy 19
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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14 Biological Energy</stron
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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16 Small Players 276 0.1 W/m 2 , ma
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16 Small Players 278 heat to diffus
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16 Small Players 280 not expect geo
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16 Small Players 282 almost 200 tim
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16 Small Players 284 It’s not an
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16 Small Players 286 16.5 Hydrogen
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16 Small Players 288 5. What are yo
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 290 v
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 292 p
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 294 <
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 296 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 298 I
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 300 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 302 5
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304 18 Human Facto
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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316 19 A Plan Might Be Welcome Havi
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 318 ther
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 320 Box
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 322 econ
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 324 In e
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 326 19.4
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328 20 Adaptation Strategies We mad
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20 Adaptation Strategies 330 debate
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20 Adaptation Strategies 332 the en
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20 Adaptation Strategies 334 20.3.2
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20 Adaptation Strategies 336 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 338 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 340 Defini
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20 Adaptation Strategies 342 Since
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20 Adaptation Strategies 344 2. kee
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20 Adaptation Strategies 346 Try mo
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20 Adaptation Strategies 348 a) lap
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350 Epilogue This book may be distr
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Epilogue 352 ◮ Fossil fuels are a
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354 Image Attributions 1. Cover Pho
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356 Changes and Co
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Part V Appendices
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A.1 Relax on the Decimals 360 What
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A.3 Areas and Volu
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A.4 Fractions 364 Figure A.1: Paral
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A.6 Fractional Powers 366 writing t
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A.8 Equation Hunting 368 to perform
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A.10 Units Manipulation 370 Looks l
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A.10 Units Manipulation 372 we soug
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A.11 Just the Start 374 useful foun
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B.2 Stoichiometry 376 other element
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B.2 Stoichiometry 378 + C + O 2 CO
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B.3 Chemical Energy</strong
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B.4 Ideal Gas Law 382 Example B.4.2
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C Selected Answers 384 10. May help
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C Selected Answers 386 19. Twice, t
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C Selected Answers 388 Chapter 11 1
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C Selected Answers 390 13. Box bare
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Alluring Tangents D This Appendix c
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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D.3 Electrified Transport 398 Box 1
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D.3 Electrified Transport 400 It is
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D.4 Pushing Out the Moon 402 D.3.6
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D.5 Humanity’s L
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D.5 Humanity’s L
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D.6 Too Smart to Succeed? 408 Can i
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D.6 Too Smart to Succeed? 410 as we
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412 Bibliography References are in
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414 [30] International Space Statio
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416 [63] NASA. The NASA Earth’s <
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418 [97] D A Pfeiffer. Eating Fossi
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420 Notation This list describes se
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422 Glossary AC alternating current
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424 thing as a kilocalorie. Note th
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426 demographic transition refers t
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428 EROEI Energy R
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430 specific heat capacity is 4,184
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432 kWh kilowatt-hour. 76, 159, 214
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434 parts per million by mass (ppm
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436 refinement is the process by wh
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438 triton is the nucleus of tritiu
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440 fossil fuel intensity, 138 hist
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442 heat pump, 99, 297 geothermal e
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444 capacity factor, 216, 217 cell
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