Energy and Human Ambitions on a Finite Planet, 2021a

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444 capacity factor, 216, 217 cell structure, 202, 205 concept, 201–203 efficiency, 204 installations, 215–217 losses, 203, 204 panel tilt, 208, 208–210, 210 panels, 205–206 peak watts, 210 pros <strong>and</strong> cons, 217–218, 294 residential, see solar, residential series vs. parallel, 205 theoretical efficiency, 204, 202–205 plan for the future, 27, 316 difficulties, 319–322 growth dependence, 318–319 lack of, 316–318 who would make?, 321–322 Planck spectrum, 199, 200 policy, 47–48, 309–310, 320 population birth/death rate, 38, 39, 40 demographic transition, see demographic transition history, 31–32 one-child policy, 47 overshoot, 35–38 personal issues, 46–47 policy, 47–48 selfish?, 46 Tikopia, 47 power, 71–72 electrical, 76–78 power plant, 89, 90, 219, 250 predicament, 332 propane, 76, 335 R-value, 87 rabbits out of a hat, 22, 124 radioactive decay, see nucleus, radioactive decay rebound effect, 23 renewable energy, 106, 108, 109, 165, 169 salvation?, 116 share of total, 108–111 resource war, 132, 308 resources, physical, 17, 27 rule of 70, see exponential, rule of 70 Sagan, Carl, 54 scientific notation, 367–368 sea level rise, see climate change, sea level rise ships, 399 solar batteries, 215 capacity factor, 216, 217 constant, 11, 167, 203, 206, 206, 211 cost, 211, 215 Earth budget, 11, 166, 167, 211 energy, 106, 108, 109, 165, 197, 211–213 full-sun-equivalent hours, 209 heating, 168 insolation, 168, 207, 206–210 intermittency, 211–212, 221 luminosity, 9, 206 photovoltaics, see photovoltaics residential, 213–215 configurations, 213 sizing, 213–215 suitability, 212 thermal, see solar thermal transportation?, 212 solar constant, 11, 167, 203, 206, 211 solar thermal, 218–221 concentration, 219 efficiency, 220 electricity generation, 219, 219–221, 294 installations, 220–221 passive heating, 218–219, 294 power tower, 220 pros <strong>and</strong> cons, 221, 294 trough plant, 220 space accomplishments, 59 cosmic scales, 57 costs, 58 exploration’s role, 61–63 like backpacking, 60 ocean comparison, 60 orbit heights, 59 other planets, 4 planet atmospheres, 61 scale, 54–58 scale factors, 55 Space Shuttle, 59, 62 student questions, 63 © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr.; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Lic.; Freely available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/energy_ambitions.
445 terraforming, 61 timeline, 59 travel times, 56 twenty øne piløts, 62 unmet challenges, 60 speedometer analogy for kWh, 73 steady state economy, 26–27, 324–325 Stefan–Boltzmann constant, 10, 199 law, 10, 144, 199 strong nuclear force, 240, 245, 247 substitution, 21–23 symbols, 420 temperature absolute zero, 94 Celsius, 10, 73, 381 Fahrenheit, 10, 75 Kelvin, 10, 94, 381 terraforming, 61 thermal energy, 70, 84–88, 219, 277 geothermal, see geothermal thermal equivalent, see energy, thermal equivalent thermodynamic growth limit, 12 tidal energy, 165, 166, 280, 280–281, 296, 402–404 capacity factor, 281 implementations, 281 Tikopia, 47, 316 transportation, 212, 230, 290–292, 337, 338, 397–402 trucks, 399 twenty øne piløts, 62 uncertainty, see behavioral adaptation, flexibility units, 68–80 Ampere (A), 77 barrels, 119 British Thermal Unit (Btu), 75, 75–76 Calorie, see units, kilocalorie (kcal) calorie (cal), 73, 73–75 Coulomb (C), 77 electron volt (eV), 78,78 horsepower (hp), 72, 185, 213 Joules (J), 68, 69 kilocalorie (kcal), 73, 73–75 kilowatt vs. kilowatt-hour, 73 kilowatt-hour (kWh), 72–73, 109, 335 speedometer analogy, 73 manipulation, 69, 370–373 Newton (N), 68, 69 prefixes, 72, 420 qBtu, or quads, 75, 104, 109 Therms, 76, 337 Volt (V), 76 Watt (W), 71–72 universe, 9, 55, 257, 312 Big Bang, 392, 394, 396 edge, 392–393 energy, 393–395 values, see human, values voltage, 76 war, see resource war waste heat, see heat, waste Watt, James, 118 wave energy, 165, 282–285, 298 derivation, 283–284 weak nuclear force, 245 Wien law, 199 wind energy, 164, 185–194, 295 Betz limit, 188 capacity factor, 190, 189–190, 193 derivation, 185–187 efficiency, 188, 188–189 estimated potential, 186, 193 installations, 191–192 intermittency, 190, 189–190 performance data, 190 potential (map), 186 power density, 189 pros <strong>and</strong> cons, 193–194, 295 spacing turbines, 189, 189 speed limits, 190, 190–191 turbines, 187–191 usage, 106, 108, 109 wolf, crying, 27, 351 Y2K scare, 329, 351 © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr.; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Lic.; Freely available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/energy_ambitions.
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UC San Diego Energy</strong
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Copyright: © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr
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v Preface: Before Taking the Plunge
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vii to internalize (“own") the co
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facilitating a quick return to the
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xi Contents Preface: Before Taking
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8.4 Fossil Fuel Pros and</s
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15.4.8 Pros and Co
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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2 1 Exponential Growth Huma
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1 Exponential Growth 4 The populati
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1 Exponential Growth 6 case we get:
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1 Exponential Growth 8 10 13 <stron
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1 Exponential Growth 10 the impossi
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1 Exponential Growth 12 which we ca
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1 Exponential Growth 14 3. Our exam
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1 Exponential Growth 16 22. Adapt E
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2 Economic Growth Limits 18 But res
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2 Economic Growth Limits 20 perhaps
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2 Economic Growth Limits 22 theoret
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2 Economic Growth Limits 24 2.3 Phy
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2 Economic Growth Limits 26 who wan
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2 Economic Growth Limits 28 Just be
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30 3 Population Underlying virtuall
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3 Population 32 In more recent year
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3 Population 34 which is really jus
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3 Population 36 Definition 3.2.3 Ov
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3 Population 38 halfway to the limi
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3 Population 40 50 Niger Birth rate
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3 Population 42 Figure 3.14: Absolu
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3 Population 44 Country Population
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3 Population 46 continue until all
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3 Population 48 began to climb, lea
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3 Population 50 think that is (hint
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3 Population 52 22. The set of diag
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54 4 Space Exploration vs. Coloniza
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4 Space Colonization 56 Body Symbol
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4 Space Colonization 58 scale of th
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4 Space Colonization 60 4.3 A Host
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4 Space Colonization 62 Hum
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4 Space Colonization 64 4.5 Upshot:
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4 Space Colonization 66 Americans g
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Summary of Current Charges (See pag
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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5 Energy a
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84 6 Putting Thermal Energy
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6 Putting Thermal Energy</s
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102 7 The Energy L
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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7 The Energy L<str
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114 8 Fossil Fuels We are now ready
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8 Fossil Fuels 116 ultimately consi
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8 Fossil Fuels 118 16 14 12 gas 2 T
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8 Fossil Fuels 120 barrel of crude
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8 Fossil Fuels 122 Note that fossil
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8 Fossil Fuels 124 problem of uncer
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8 Fossil Fuels 126 4. Increased dif
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8 Fossil Fuels 128 rate at which it
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8 Fossil Fuels 130 The U.S. experie
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8 Fossil Fuels 132 Box 8.3: Resourc
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8 Fossil Fuels 134 scarcity <strong
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8 Fossil Fuels 136 occupies 7.4 mL
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138 9 Climate Change Climate change
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9 Climate Change 140 When the measu
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9 Climate Change 142 80 CO2 ppmV an
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9 Climate Change 144 (p. 10) that t
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9 Climate Change 146 change, but a
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9 Climate Change 148 9.3 Possible T
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9 Climate Change 150 140 CO2 ppmV a
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9 Climate Change 152 directly escap
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9 Climate Change 154 component math
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9 Climate Change 156 1880, sea leve
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9 Climate Change 158 The last chapt
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9 Climate Change 160 skeptic” who
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9 Climate Change 162 forcing is 3
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164 10 Renewable Overview We now un
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10 Renewable Overview 166 The sun w
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10 Renewable Overview 168 Treating
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10 Renewable Overview 170 Source qB
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10 Renewable Overview 172 sun overh
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11 Hydroelectric Energy</st
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184 12 Wind Energy
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12 Wind Energy 186
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12 Wind Energy 188
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12 Wind Energy 190
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12 Wind Energy 192
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12 Wind Energy 194
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12 Wind Energy 196
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13 Solar Energy 19
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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14 Biological Energy</stron
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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16 Small Players 276 0.1 W/m 2 , ma
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16 Small Players 278 heat to diffus
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16 Small Players 280 not expect geo
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16 Small Players 282 almost 200 tim
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16 Small Players 284 It’s not an
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16 Small Players 286 16.5 Hydrogen
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16 Small Players 288 5. What are yo
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 290 v
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 292 p
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 294 <
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 296 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 298 I
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 300 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 302 5
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304 18 Human Facto
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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316 19 A Plan Might Be Welcome Havi
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 318 ther
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 320 Box
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 322 econ
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 324 In e
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 326 19.4
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328 20 Adaptation Strategies We mad
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20 Adaptation Strategies 330 debate
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20 Adaptation Strategies 332 the en
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20 Adaptation Strategies 334 20.3.2
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20 Adaptation Strategies 336 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 338 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 340 Defini
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20 Adaptation Strategies 342 Since
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20 Adaptation Strategies 344 2. kee
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20 Adaptation Strategies 346 Try mo
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20 Adaptation Strategies 348 a) lap
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350 Epilogue This book may be distr
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Epilogue 352 ◮ Fossil fuels are a
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354 Image Attributions 1. Cover Pho
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356 Changes and Co
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Part V Appendices
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A.1 Relax on the Decimals 360 What
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A.3 Areas and Volu
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A.4 Fractions 364 Figure A.1: Paral
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A.6 Fractional Powers 366 writing t
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A.8 Equation Hunting 368 to perform
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A.10 Units Manipulation 370 Looks l
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A.10 Units Manipulation 372 we soug
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A.11 Just the Start 374 useful foun
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B.2 Stoichiometry 376 other element
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B.2 Stoichiometry 378 + C + O 2 CO
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B.3 Chemical Energy</strong
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B.4 Ideal Gas Law 382 Example B.4.2
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C Selected Answers 384 10. May help
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C Selected Answers 386 19. Twice, t
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C Selected Answers 388 Chapter 11 1
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C Selected Answers 390 13. Box bare
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Alluring Tangents D This Appendix c
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Page 428 and 429: D.6 Too Smart to Succeed? 408 Can i
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Page 432 and 433: 412 Bibliography References are in
Page 434 and 435: 414 [30] International Space Statio
Page 436 and 437: 416 [63] NASA. The NASA Earth’s <
Page 438 and 439: 418 [97] D A Pfeiffer. Eating Fossi
Page 440 and 441: 420 Notation This list describes se
Page 442 and 443: 422 Glossary AC alternating current
Page 444 and 445: 424 thing as a kilocalorie. Note th
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Page 448 and 449: 428 EROEI Energy R
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Page 452 and 453: 432 kWh kilowatt-hour. 76, 159, 214
Page 454 and 455: 434 parts per million by mass (ppm
Page 456 and 457: 436 refinement is the process by wh
Page 458 and 459: 438 triton is the nucleus of tritiu
Page 460 and 461: 440 fossil fuel intensity, 138 hist
Page 462 and 463: 442 heat pump, 99, 297 geothermal e
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