Energy and Human Ambitions on a Finite Planet, 2021a

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7 The <strong>Energy</strong> L<strong>and</strong>scape 112 <strong>and</strong> their total qBtu amounts. Treat “< 1%” as 0.5%. Do these add to 13 qBtu, as they should, within rounding error? 23 5. Figure 7.2 hides contributions of sources to end sectors behind the “electric black box.” 24 Following similar logic to that in the margin, <strong>and</strong> using results from Problem 4, figure out “corrected” values for what percentage of coal provides energy to each of the four end-sectors (re-distributing the 91% going to electricity into end-sectors). 25 6. Figure 7.2 makes it look as if residential dem<strong>and</strong> is satisfied without coal or nuclear, but 42% of residential dem<strong>and</strong> comes from electricity, which does depend in part on coal <strong>and</strong> nuclear. Using numbers derived in Problem 3, <strong>and</strong> following a logic similar to that in Problem 5 <strong>and</strong> Example 7.1.1, redistribute this 42% residential contribution from electricity into its primary sources to ascertain what fraction of residential dem<strong>and</strong> comes from each of the five source categories. For instance, petroleum would be the direct 8% plus 42% times the fraction (or percentage) of electricity coming from petroleum. 26 7. While no energy source is free of environmental harm, arguably the last four entries in Table 7.1 are the cleanest, requiring no burning <strong>and</strong> no evidently problematic “waste.” What percentage of the total U.S. energy is in this “clean” form, at present? 23: This is a great way to check the correctness of your answers. 24: For example, the figure indicates that 17% of natural gas goes directly to residential end-users. But a substantial fraction of natural gas (35%) also goes to electricity, <strong>and</strong> 38.5% of electrical output goes toward residential use—a result of Problem 4. So the fraction of natural gas ending up satisfying residential dem<strong>and</strong>s is the direct 17% plus 38.5% of 35%, adding to 30.5%. 25: The four numbers you get should add to 100%, within rounding error. 26: Make sure your five numbers add to 100%, within rounding error. 8. Let’s say that in the course of one year a county in Texas produces 5 million kWh of electrical output from wind, <strong>and</strong> also pumps 100,000 barrels of oil from the ground containing a (thermal) energy content of about 6 GJ per barrel. What percentage of total energy production came from wind, if scaling wind in terms of thermal equivalent, as explained in Box 7.2? 9. Referring to Figure 7.4, what is the fastest-growing energy source in the U.S., <strong>and</strong> is it one of the fossil fuels? 10. If the approximately linear trends for recent increases in solar <strong>and</strong> wind seen in Figure 7.5 were to continue at the current (linear) pace, approximately how long would it take for the pair of them to cover our current ∼ 100 qBtu per year dem<strong>and</strong>? 27 11. If the downward trend in U.S. coal use continues at its current pace, approximately what year would we hit zero? i Keep it simple, as there is no single correct way to extrapolate this far into the future; just explain your approach. 27: We can hope to see faster-than-linear expansion in renewables, but this question asks what would happen without dramatic changes to the recent trends. 12. Globally, do any of the resources appear to be phasing out, as coal is in the U.S. (as in Problem 11)? If so, how long before we would expect to reach zero usage, globally, based on simple extrapolation? 13. Globally, would you say that renewable energy sources are climbing faster than the combined fossil fuels, or more slowly? Can we therefore confidently project a time when renewables will overtake © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr.; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Lic.; Freely available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/energy_ambitions.
7 The <strong>Energy</strong> L<strong>and</strong>scape 113 fossil fuels, based on trends to date? 14. As explored in Problem 11, the U.S. usage of coal is falling precipitously. According to the left plot in Figure 7.9, is the U.S. usage of coal greater or less than the global per-capita average? 15. Is the U.S. per-capita usage of any energy source lower than the global average, according to Figure 7.9? © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr.; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Lic.; Freely available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/energy_ambitions.
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UC San Diego Energy</strong
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Copyright: © 2021 T. W. Murphy, Jr
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v Preface: Before Taking the Plunge
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vii to internalize (“own") the co
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facilitating a quick return to the
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xi Contents Preface: Before Taking
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8.4 Fossil Fuel Pros and</s
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15.4.8 Pros and Co
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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2 1 Exponential Growth Huma
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1 Exponential Growth 4 The populati
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1 Exponential Growth 6 case we get:
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1 Exponential Growth 8 10 13 <stron
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1 Exponential Growth 10 the impossi
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1 Exponential Growth 12 which we ca
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1 Exponential Growth 14 3. Our exam
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1 Exponential Growth 16 22. Adapt E
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2 Economic Growth Limits 18 But res
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2 Economic Growth Limits 20 perhaps
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2 Economic Growth Limits 22 theoret
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2 Economic Growth Limits 24 2.3 Phy
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2 Economic Growth Limits 26 who wan
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2 Economic Growth Limits 28 Just be
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30 3 Population Underlying virtuall
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3 Population 32 In more recent year
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3 Population 34 which is really jus
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3 Population 36 Definition 3.2.3 Ov
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3 Population 38 halfway to the limi
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3 Population 40 50 Niger Birth rate
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3 Population 42 Figure 3.14: Absolu
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3 Population 44 Country Population
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3 Population 46 continue until all
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3 Population 48 began to climb, lea
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3 Population 50 think that is (hint
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3 Population 52 22. The set of diag
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54 4 Space Exploration vs. Coloniza
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4 Space Colonization 56 Body Symbol
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4 Space Colonization 58 scale of th
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4 Space Colonization 60 4.3 A Host
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Page 86 and 87: 4 Space Colonization 66 Americans g
Page 88 and 89: Summary of Current Charges (See pag
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Page 122 and 123: 102 7 The Energy L
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Page 134 and 135: 114 8 Fossil Fuels We are now ready
Page 136 and 137: 8 Fossil Fuels 116 ultimately consi
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Page 140 and 141: 8 Fossil Fuels 120 barrel of crude
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Page 144 and 145: 8 Fossil Fuels 124 problem of uncer
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Page 148 and 149: 8 Fossil Fuels 128 rate at which it
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Page 152 and 153: 8 Fossil Fuels 132 Box 8.3: Resourc
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Page 156 and 157: 8 Fossil Fuels 136 occupies 7.4 mL
Page 158 and 159: 138 9 Climate Change Climate change
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Page 162 and 163: 9 Climate Change 142 80 CO2 ppmV an
Page 164 and 165: 9 Climate Change 144 (p. 10) that t
Page 166 and 167: 9 Climate Change 146 change, but a
Page 168 and 169: 9 Climate Change 148 9.3 Possible T
Page 170 and 171: 9 Climate Change 150 140 CO2 ppmV a
Page 172 and 173: 9 Climate Change 152 directly escap
Page 174 and 175: 9 Climate Change 154 component math
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9 Climate Change 162 forcing is 3
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164 10 Renewable Overview We now un
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10 Renewable Overview 166 The sun w
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10 Renewable Overview 168 Treating
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10 Renewable Overview 170 Source qB
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10 Renewable Overview 172 sun overh
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11 Hydroelectric Energy</st
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184 12 Wind Energy
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12 Wind Energy 186
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12 Wind Energy 188
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12 Wind Energy 190
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12 Wind Energy 192
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12 Wind Energy 194
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12 Wind Energy 196
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13 Solar Energy 19
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 20
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 21
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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13 Solar Energy 22
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14 Biological Energy</stron
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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15 Nuclear Energy
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16 Small Players 276 0.1 W/m 2 , ma
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16 Small Players 278 heat to diffus
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16 Small Players 280 not expect geo
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16 Small Players 282 almost 200 tim
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16 Small Players 284 It’s not an
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16 Small Players 286 16.5 Hydrogen
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16 Small Players 288 5. What are yo
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 290 v
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 292 p
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 294 <
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 296 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 298 I
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 300 T
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17 Comparison of Alternatives 302 5
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304 18 Human Facto
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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18 Human Factors 3
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316 19 A Plan Might Be Welcome Havi
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 318 ther
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 320 Box
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 322 econ
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 324 In e
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19 A Plan Might Be Welcome 326 19.4
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328 20 Adaptation Strategies We mad
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20 Adaptation Strategies 330 debate
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20 Adaptation Strategies 332 the en
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20 Adaptation Strategies 334 20.3.2
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20 Adaptation Strategies 336 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 338 Exampl
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20 Adaptation Strategies 340 Defini
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20 Adaptation Strategies 342 Since
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20 Adaptation Strategies 344 2. kee
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20 Adaptation Strategies 346 Try mo
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20 Adaptation Strategies 348 a) lap
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350 Epilogue This book may be distr
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Epilogue 352 ◮ Fossil fuels are a
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354 Image Attributions 1. Cover Pho
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356 Changes and Co
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Part V Appendices
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A.1 Relax on the Decimals 360 What
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A.3 Areas and Volu
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A.4 Fractions 364 Figure A.1: Paral
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A.6 Fractional Powers 366 writing t
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A.8 Equation Hunting 368 to perform
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A.10 Units Manipulation 370 Looks l
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A.10 Units Manipulation 372 we soug
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A.11 Just the Start 374 useful foun
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B.2 Stoichiometry 376 other element
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B.2 Stoichiometry 378 + C + O 2 CO
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B.3 Chemical Energy</strong
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B.4 Ideal Gas Law 382 Example B.4.2
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C Selected Answers 384 10. May help
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C Selected Answers 386 19. Twice, t
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C Selected Answers 388 Chapter 11 1
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C Selected Answers 390 13. Box bare
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Alluring Tangents D This Appendix c
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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D.2 Cosmic Energy
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D.3 Electrified Transport 398 Box 1
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D.3 Electrified Transport 400 It is
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D.4 Pushing Out the Moon 402 D.3.6
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D.5 Humanity’s L
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D.5 Humanity’s L
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D.6 Too Smart to Succeed? 408 Can i
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D.6 Too Smart to Succeed? 410 as we
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412 Bibliography References are in
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414 [30] International Space Statio
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416 [63] NASA. The NASA Earth’s <
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418 [97] D A Pfeiffer. Eating Fossi
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420 Notation This list describes se
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422 Glossary AC alternating current
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424 thing as a kilocalorie. Note th
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426 demographic transition refers t
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428 EROEI Energy R
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430 specific heat capacity is 4,184
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432 kWh kilowatt-hour. 76, 159, 214
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434 parts per million by mass (ppm
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436 refinement is the process by wh
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438 triton is the nucleus of tritiu
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440 fossil fuel intensity, 138 hist
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442 heat pump, 99, 297 geothermal e
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444 capacity factor, 216, 217 cell
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