Final Report of the International Commission on the - Minority Rights ...

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The Fate <strong>of</strong> Local Jews in Transnistria According to <strong>the</strong> 1939 Soviet census, 331,000 Jews lived in Transnistria, <strong>of</strong> which 200,961 resided in Odessa. The Romanian occupation authorities found between 150,000 and 200,000 Jews in Transnistria. According to Romanian and Soviet sources, up to 25,000 Jews were shot, hanged, or burned alive in Odessa. Soviet authorities reported that <strong>the</strong>y had exhumed 22,000 bodies in Dalnic alone. Additionally, <strong>the</strong>re were Jews shot in <strong>the</strong> street and elsewhere who could be added to this number. According to <strong>the</strong> prefect <strong>of</strong> Golta, Modest Isopescu, approximately 10,000 local Jews were killed in Golta County at <strong>the</strong> beginning <strong>of</strong> November 1941 before <strong>the</strong> establishment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bogdanovka camp. In January and February 1942, between 33,000 and 35,000 Jews were deported by train from Odessa to Berezovka. Of <strong>the</strong>se, 28,000 were executed by <strong>the</strong> SS. Thousands <strong>of</strong> Jews (maybe around 30,000) from <strong>the</strong> city and county <strong>of</strong> Odessa were marched to Bogdanovka in late 1941. There were 32,433 Jews “evacuated from Transnistria” who were probably deported to Golta and liquidated <strong>the</strong>re. According to German documentation, <strong>the</strong> testimonies <strong>of</strong> survivors, and <strong>the</strong> Romanian trial records, 75,000 Jews (most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m locals) were murdered in Bogdanovka, Domanovka, and Akmechetka in late 1941 and early 1942. In September 1942, <strong>the</strong> secretary general <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Transnistrian government acknowledged that 65,000 local Jews had “disappeared” (code for killed) from <strong>the</strong> county <strong>of</strong> Odessa. In addition, according to a Romanian report 14,500 local Jews from Transnistria were forced across <strong>the</strong> Bug River, where <strong>the</strong>y were killed by <strong>the</strong> Germans. The Soviet authorities estimated that 150,038 Jews were murdered in <strong>the</strong> counties <strong>of</strong> Golta and Berezovka. On November 1, 1943, Third Army Headquarters recorded 70,770 Jews living in Transnistria, <strong>of</strong> which 20,029 were local Jews. Based on <strong>the</strong>se numbers, between 115,000 and 180,000 local Jews were murdered or perished in Transnistria. At <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Romanian occupation, only 20,000 local Jews were left in Transnistria. At least 15,000 Jews from Regat perished during <strong>the</strong> Holocaust (in <strong>the</strong> pogrom <strong>of</strong> Iasi and <strong>the</strong> deportations to Transnistria). Various researchers have calculated different estimates <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> death toll <strong>of</strong> Romanian and Ukrainian Jews under Romanian administration during <strong>the</strong> Holocaust. Dinu C. Giurescu counts at least 108,710 Romanian Jews who died in Transnistria; but this number does not take into account <strong>the</strong> Ukrainian Jewish victims or <strong>the</strong> Jews killed on <strong>the</strong> spot in Bessarabia and Bukovina. According to Dennis Deletant, between 220,000 and 270,000 Romanian and Ukrainian Jews perished in Transnistria, while Radu Ioanid asserts that at least 250,000 Jews died under Romanian jurisdiction. Matatias Carp mentions 264,900 Romanian Jews missing, but this does not include Ukrainian Jewish victims. Raul Hilberg cites <strong>the</strong> destruction <strong>of</strong> 270,000 Jews under <strong>the</strong> Romanians, as does Mark Rozen who counts roughly 155,000 Romanian Jews and 115,000 Ukrainian Jews killed in Transnistria. <strong>Final</strong>ly, Jean Ancel maintains that 310,000 Jews perished in Transnistria alone, and to this must be added ano<strong>the</strong>r 100,000 Jews killed in Bessarabia and Bukovina during <strong>the</strong> 1941 campaign in <strong>the</strong>se provinces. In summary, <strong>the</strong> total number <strong>of</strong> Romanian and Ukrainian Jews who perished in territories under Romanian administration is between 280,000 and 380,000. ---- In September 1941, <strong>the</strong> Antonescu regime published two volumes <strong>of</strong> investigative work that revealed <strong>the</strong> criminal and terrorist character <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legionary movement. The report was entitled, Pe marginea prapastiei, 21-23 ianuarie, Bucharest, 1941 (On <strong>the</strong> Brink: Bucharest, January 21-23, 1941) (Bucharest: Monitorul Oficial si Imprimeriile Statului Imprimeria Centrala, 1941); hereafter: On <strong>the</strong> Brink. Aurica Simion, Regimul politic din Romania in perioada septembrie 1940-ianuarie 1941 (Cluj- Napoca: “Dacia,” 1976), pp. 68, 76; hereafter: Simion, The Regime. Matatias Carp, Cartea neagra: Suferintele Evreilor din Romania, 1940-1944, vol. 1, Legionarii si Rebeliunea (Bucharest: Editura Diogene, 1996), pp. 56-57.
Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: The Story <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nazi Political Espionage (London, 1953), p. 178. Asasinatele de la Jilava, Snagov si Strejnicu, 26-27 noiembrie 1940 (Bucharest), 1941, p. 166. Horia Sima, Era Libertatii. Statul National Legionar (Madrid: 1982), pp. 137-139. Simion, The Regime, pp. 92, 96. On <strong>the</strong> Brink, vol. 2: pp. 85-87 Simion, The Regime, p. 400; On <strong>the</strong> Brink, p. 201. Pe marginea prapastiei, p. 13. Sima, Era, pp. 251, 253; Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 1: p. 203. Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 1: p. 203. Ibid., p. 152. Jean Ancel, Documents Concerning <strong>the</strong> Fate <strong>of</strong> Romanian Jewry during <strong>the</strong> Holocaust (New York: Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1986), vol. 2: no. 37, pp. 75-76. (Hereafter: Ancel, Documents.) Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 1: p. 152; for <strong>the</strong> list <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> villages, Ibid., pp. 152-153. Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 1: no. 42, p. 84. Ancel, Documents, vol. 1: no. 138, p. 556; Safran, Memorii, (Jerusalem, 1991), p. 55 Pe marginea prapastiei, vol. 1: p. 164. Ancel, Documents, vol. 1: no. 138, p. 556; Safran, Memorii, p. 55 Pe marginea prapastiei, vol. 1: p. 164 Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 102, p. 344. Pe Marginea prapastiei (On <strong>the</strong> Brink), vol. 1: pp. 178, 184. H. Sima, Era libertatii: Statul-National Legionar (Madrid, 1986), vol. 2: p. 282. Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945, from <strong>the</strong> Archives <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> German Foreign Ministry, series D (1937-1945), vol. 11: no. 652, pp. 1089-1191 (hereafter: DGFP). Cuvantul, January 21, 1941. Mihai Ionescu, “Tehnica si resorturile teroarei in perioada dictaturii legionar-antonesciene,” in Impotriva fascismului (Bucharest, 1971), p. 202; N. Mareş, Note on Assassination <strong>of</strong> Madgearu and Iorga, December 4, 1942, Arhiva Comitetului Central al Partidului Comunist Roman, Fond 103, file 8218, p. 3. S. Palaghiţa, Garda de Fier. Spre Invierea Romaniei (Buenos Aires, 1951), p. 147. Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 1: p. 77. Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 1: p. 186. Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 72, pp. 195-197; Jurnalul de dimineata, no. 57, January 21, 1945. E. Barbul, Memorial Antonescu, Le troisieme homme de l’Axe (Paris, 1950), vol. 1: p. 106. Memo <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Federation, March 8, 1941. Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 72, pp. 195-197; Jurnalul de dimineata, no. 57, January 21, 1945. Memo <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Federation, March 8, 1941, p. 297. Ibid., pp. 298-304. Ibid., p. 291. The list <strong>of</strong> victims can be found in <strong>the</strong> Revista Cultului Mozaic no. 592. Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 72, p. 197 Memo <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Federation (March 8, 1941), p. 304. Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 72, p. 197. The list <strong>of</strong> burned buildings can be found in Cartea neagra, pp. 243-244. Memo <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Federation to Antonescu (April 1, 1941), p. 339. Ibid., p. 377. Letter dated June 23, 1941, from Antonescu to leaders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> opposition, Bucharest State Archive; I.C. Dragan, ed., Antonescu, Maresalul Romaniei si razboaiele de reintregire (Venice, 1988), vol. 2: p. 213.
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Final Repo
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Germany’s war against the
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which includes reputed experts led
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BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
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against which antisemites in <stron
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declaring in the p
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them. Thus, he con
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We must organize ourselves for a wa
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ureaucracy of wart
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this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
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promising leader of</strong
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organized a tariff and tax strike.
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Legion of
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less so in Romanian society as a wh
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This ambiguous, self-contradictory
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The Gigurtu government began to con
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The Case of Român
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Cuza’s argument that it is possib
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Românesc,” Sociologie Româneasc
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ole in the early 1
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European states, notably Romania an
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Germany's immediate interests at <s
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eligious communities, the</
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counterpart, “when [he] first met
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de Istorie şi Arheologie, “A. D.
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Romania. Muler to Luthe</st
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demands on territorial revisions an
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military mission to come to Romania
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High Command, informing the
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The Jews and the R
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Romanian army. Thus, in Ciudei in <
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antisemitism in Romanian society an
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Ibid., fond Micro-films, roll I.II,
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manifestations of
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power, as this power colonized West
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attraction, many Jews resettled in
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to defend itself; hence its support
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about the Holocaus
Page 77 and 78: Nichifor Crainic, “Dupa douazeci
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Page 81 and 82: X. Y. Z., “Rezolvarea problemei e
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Page 109 and 110: [longer] move.” After several wee
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Page 127: were at least 122,000 Jews. Bukovin
Page 131 and 132: Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136,
Page 133 and 134: Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
Page 135 and 136: Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblast
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Page 141 and 142: Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
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Page 149 and 150: The Cultural Ghettoization
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Page 155 and 156: Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
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villages of <stron
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Return of Roma Sur
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(in many cases, the</strong
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in Romania. History and Contemporar
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THE ROLE OF ION ANTONESCU IN THE PL
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December 16, 1941, meeting
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me from carrying out the</s
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did not do it because…the
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more ironically, this leader’s wa
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THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
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Others 22 968 Magy
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ultimatum but also consented to <st
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military, political, and psychologi
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command over the g
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Huedin. The Jews of</strong
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authorities set up two ghettos in <
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Secuilor counties was carried out i
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the procedure foll
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deportation trains per day. While E
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Deportation Trains from Nor
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Câtcău Kackó Ciuc Csík Ciucea C
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Rona de Sus Felsöróna Rozavica Ro
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Bözödújfalu Bezidu Nou Budfalva
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Nagysajó Şieu (Bistrita-Nasaud Co
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(Indictment of Naz
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Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
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perceived by a significant part <st
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Romanian government not to adopt <s
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still alive in the
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the Jews who worke
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We have been informed that various
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church bells announce the</
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Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
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Pozdnyakova, Yefrosiniya Starostina
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Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
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the examined cases
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escape with negligible punishment;
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immense scale, enslaved millions <s
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means. The “ethnic Christian stat
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it is evident that the</str
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face să pară evident că victimel
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viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
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Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
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members accepted as authoritative s
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camp in January 1945, for several m
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Beginning in the 1
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such access was strictly supervised
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enefit from translation into Englis
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furthermore, he ha
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lucrative Jewish business ever,”
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deaths of thousand
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Treptow who was residing in Romania
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Finally, it must b
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A.) Integral Negationism Although <
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other genocides re
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mankind, such as wars; the<
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age of 44, only on
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After deploring the</strong
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Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
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See, for example, Giurescu who make
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Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
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Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
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See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
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Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
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egained from the U
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was a record of an
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secondary school use. Those institu
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including erecting statues, mountin
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