Final Report of the International Commission on the - Minority Rights ...

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România. 1940-1944. Studii. (Bucharest: Hasefer, 2001); Lya Benjamin, ed., “Legislaţia antievreiască,” vol. 1, Evreii din România între anii 1940-1944 (Bucharest: Hasefer, 1993); Jean Ancel, ed., Documents Concerning <strong>the</strong> Fate <strong>of</strong> Romanian Jewry during <strong>the</strong> Holocaust, 12 vols. (Jerusalem: Beate Klarsfield Foundation, 1986); Radu Ioanid, Sabia Arhanghelului Mihail. Ideologia fascistă în România (Bucharest: Diogene, 1994; English edition, New York: Columbia University Press, 1990); Radu Ioanid, Evreii sub regimul Antonescu Bucharest: Hasefer, Bucharest, 1997); Martiriul evreilor din România 1940-1944. Documente şi mărturii, Center for <strong>the</strong> Study <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jewish History <strong>of</strong> Romania (Bucharest: Hasefer, 1991). Pactul Ribbentrop-Molotov şi consecinţele lui pentru Basarabia. Culegere de documente. (Robentrop-Molotov Pact and its consequences for Bessarabia. Collection <strong>of</strong> documents, Universitas Publishing House, Chişinău, 1991, p. 5. For a more detailed discussion, see Florin Constantiniu, 1941. Hitler, Stalin şi România (Bucharest: Encyclopedic Universe, 2002), pp. 94-98; and Vitalie Varatec, 6 zile din istoria Bucovinei (28 iunie – 3 iulie 1940). Invazia şi anexarea nordului Bucovinei de către URSS (Six Days <strong>of</strong> Bukovinan History, June 28–July 3, 1940: Invasion and Annexation <strong>of</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Bukovina by <strong>the</strong> USSR) (Publishing House <strong>of</strong> Bukovina - Bessarabia, Rădăuţi – Bucovina Institute, 2001), pp. 12-26. Vitalie Varatec, Preliminarii ale raptului Basarabiei şi nordului Bucovinei, 1938-1940 (Libra, 2000), p. 229-230. Detalii în Pactul Ribbentrop-Molotov şi consecinţele lui pentru Basarabia. (Details <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact and Its Consequences for Bessarabia) (1991), p. 14-41. Grigore Gafencu, Jurnal. 1940-1942 (Diary, 1940-1942) (Bucharest: Globus, 1939), p. 18-19. Florin Constantiniu, Între Hitler şi Stalin. România şi Pactul Ribbentrop-Molotov (Bucharest: Danubius), pp. 104-105; Florin Constantiniu, 1941. Hitler, Stalin şi România, pp. 114-115. Texts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> notes <strong>of</strong> July 27-28, 1940, in Ioan Scurtu, Constantin Mocanu, and Doina Smârcea, Documente privind istoria României între anii 1918-1944 (Bucharest: Didactic and Pedagogic Publishing House, 1995), pp. 529-530; Ioan Scurtu and Constantin Hlihor, Anul 1940. Drama Românilor dintre Prut şi Nistru (Military Academy Publishing House), pp. 146-148. Valeriu Florin Dobrinescu, op.cit., 148-150. For <strong>the</strong> Crown Councils discussions, see Ion Mamina, Consilii de coroană (Bucharest: Encyclopedic Publishing), pp. 189-209. Valeriu Florin Dobrinescu, Bătălia diplomatică pentru Basarabia. 1918-1940, p. 221. Alexandru Cretzianu, op.cit., p. 6. Carol II, Între datorie şi pasiune. Însemnări zilnice, vol. 2, Şansa SRL, p. 85. Romanian Military Archives (hereafter: AMR), fond 948, 3rd Section, Operations, file no. 1891, f. 128-131. Ibid., file no. 1836, f. 23. Ibid., f. 24. Ibid. Archives <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> External Affaires Ministry (hereafter: MAE Archives), fond 71/USSR, vol.206, f.2. Ibid., f.6. AMR, fond 948, file 527, f. 37 (<strong>Report</strong> <strong>of</strong> Captain C. Georgescu, 26th Infantry Division). Archives <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> External Affaires Ministry, fond 71/USSR, file 98, f. 47. AMR, fond Micro-films, roll P 21645, frame 399, file 948, file no. 1067, f. 54, 55. Alexandru Cretzianu, op.cit., p. 79. Ibid., fond 948, file 155, fond 107; 109. Ibid. f. 108.
Ibid., fond Micro-films, roll I.II, 2.1644, frame 104. Ibid., fond 3, file 1, f. 139; fond Micro-films, roll P.II.1.1124, frame 507. Ibid., roll P.II.2.653, frame 500. Archives <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> External Affaires Ministry, fond 71/USSR, tome 99, f. 105. Ibid., fond 948, Section 1, file 155, f. 108. Scurtu, Mocanu, and Smârcea, Documente din Istoria României, p. 558. Evreii din România între anii 1940-1944, vol.1, “Legislaţia antievreiască” (Anti-Jewish legislation), pp.26-27. Jean Ancel, op.cit. See also Alexandru Şafran (Bucharest: Hasefer, 1996), p. 18. Gheorghe Barbul, Memorial Antonescu. Al treilea om al Axei, p.131. Mihai Pelin, op.cit., pp. 88-101. Carol II, op.cit., p. 208. Ibid., p. 52. Alexandru Şafran, op.cit., pp. 51-52. Apud Alexandru Mihai Stoenescu, Armata, mareşalul şi evreii (Army, marshal and Jews), RAO, 1998, pp. 106-107. Jean Ancel, op.cit., p. 251. Ibid., op. cit. p. 251. Ibid., p. 211-217. For <strong>the</strong> Carp case see also AMR fond 948, section 2, information, file 941, 1513. AMR fond 948 section 2. Information file 941, f. 558-556. Ibid. f. 435. For <strong>the</strong>se cases see Jean Ancel, op.cit., p. 217-227; Alex. Mihail Stoenescu, op.cit., p. 120-139; Marius Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina şi Dorohoi (Pogroms <strong>of</strong> Bukovina and Dorohoi), “Viaţa Literară”, Bucharest, 1945. ANR, Border-guard Corps fond, file 2769, f. 851. This order was issued in a July 19, 1940, document.
Page 1 and 2:
Final Repo
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Germany’s war against the
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which includes reputed experts led
Page 7 and 8:
BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
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against which antisemites in <stron
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declaring in the p
Page 13 and 14: them. Thus, he con
Page 15 and 16: We must organize ourselves for a wa
Page 17 and 18: ureaucracy of wart
Page 19 and 20: this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
Page 21 and 22: promising leader of</strong
Page 23 and 24: organized a tariff and tax strike.
Page 25 and 26: Legion of
Page 27 and 28: less so in Romanian society as a wh
Page 29 and 30: This ambiguous, self-contradictory
Page 31 and 32: The Gigurtu government began to con
Page 33 and 34: The Case of Român
Page 35 and 36: Cuza’s argument that it is possib
Page 37 and 38: Românesc,” Sociologie Româneasc
Page 39 and 40: ole in the early 1
Page 41 and 42: European states, notably Romania an
Page 43 and 44: Germany's immediate interests at <s
Page 45 and 46: eligious communities, the</
Page 47 and 48: counterpart, “when [he] first met
Page 49 and 50: de Istorie şi Arheologie, “A. D.
Page 51 and 52: Romania. Muler to Luthe</st
Page 53 and 54: demands on territorial revisions an
Page 55 and 56: military mission to come to Romania
Page 57 and 58: High Command, informing the
Page 59 and 60: The Jews and the R
Page 61 and 62: Romanian army. Thus, in Ciudei in <
Page 63: antisemitism in Romanian society an
Page 67 and 68: manifestations of
Page 69 and 70: power, as this power colonized West
Page 71 and 72: attraction, many Jews resettled in
Page 73 and 74: to defend itself; hence its support
Page 75 and 76: about the Holocaus
Page 77 and 78: Nichifor Crainic, “Dupa douazeci
Page 79 and 80: Isaia Tolan, “Revizuirea incetate
Page 81 and 82: X. Y. Z., “Rezolvarea problemei e
Page 83 and 84: andom searches and arrests, robberi
Page 85 and 86: Bucharest Prefectura. Almost two th
Page 87 and 88: epression was not ordered by Antone
Page 89 and 90: from villages and small towns. On J
Page 91 and 92: accident; it was contrived by <stro
Page 93 and 94: The second train to leave Iasi for
Page 95 and 96: care of th
Page 97 and 98: "premilitary," were also placed at
Page 99 and 100: according to the o
Page 101 and 102: Tighina Agreement On August 30, Tra
Page 103 and 104: elieved Transnistria would be occup
Page 105 and 106: the 331,000 Ukrain
Page 107 and 108: those inside to take the</s
Page 109 and 110: [longer] move.” After several wee
Page 111 and 112: eappear a few seconds later and sig
Page 113 and 114: operation and that “some
Page 115 and 116:
Bukovina and Bessarabia. Einsatzkom
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other things, <str
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Berezovka district and burn <strong
Page 121 and 122:
them in exchange f
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transport of 2,000
Page 125 and 126:
Bulgarian, Turkish, Italian, or Swi
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were at least 122,000 Jews. Bukovin
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Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: T
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Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136,
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Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
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Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblast
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Cable from the Mil
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1-1087, p. 114; list of</st
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Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
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child’s birth, would be considere
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Indeed, the system
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Romanianization instead of<
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The Cultural Ghettoization
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The Status of Jewi
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give up any radios able to send and
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Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
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L.A., no. 99, p. 344. Trei ani de g
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moral, social, and intellectual nee
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gradually, in reality the</
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except being defined as a Jew. I be
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egulate and authorize, under <stron
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y Lecca: Jews were privileged, and
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through the activi
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oth as a cry of re
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After coming to power, the<
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and then to send <
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their non-evacuate
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villages of <stron
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Return of Roma Sur
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(in many cases, the</strong
Page 185 and 186:
in Romania. History and Contemporar
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THE ROLE OF ION ANTONESCU IN THE PL
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December 16, 1941, meeting
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me from carrying out the</s
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did not do it because…the
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more ironically, this leader’s wa
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THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
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Others 22 968 Magy
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ultimatum but also consented to <st
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military, political, and psychologi
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command over the g
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Huedin. The Jews of</strong
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authorities set up two ghettos in <
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Secuilor counties was carried out i
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the procedure foll
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deportation trains per day. While E
Page 217 and 218:
Deportation Trains from Nor
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Câtcău Kackó Ciuc Csík Ciucea C
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Rona de Sus Felsöróna Rozavica Ro
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Bözödújfalu Bezidu Nou Budfalva
Page 225 and 226:
Nagysajó Şieu (Bistrita-Nasaud Co
Page 227 and 228:
(Indictment of Naz
Page 229 and 230:
Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
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perceived by a significant part <st
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Romanian government not to adopt <s
Page 235 and 236:
still alive in the
Page 237 and 238:
the Jews who worke
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We have been informed that various
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church bells announce the</
Page 243 and 244:
Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
Page 245 and 246:
Pozdnyakova, Yefrosiniya Starostina
Page 247 and 248:
Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
Page 249 and 250:
the examined cases
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escape with negligible punishment;
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immense scale, enslaved millions <s
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means. The “ethnic Christian stat
Page 257 and 258:
it is evident that the</str
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face să pară evident că victimel
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viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
Page 263 and 264:
Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
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members accepted as authoritative s
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camp in January 1945, for several m
Page 269 and 270:
Beginning in the 1
Page 271 and 272:
such access was strictly supervised
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enefit from translation into Englis
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furthermore, he ha
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lucrative Jewish business ever,”
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deaths of thousand
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Treptow who was residing in Romania
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Finally, it must b
Page 285 and 286:
A.) Integral Negationism Although <
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other genocides re
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mankind, such as wars; the<
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age of 44, only on
Page 293 and 294:
After deploring the</strong
Page 295 and 296:
Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
Page 297 and 298:
See, for example, Giurescu who make
Page 299 and 300:
Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
Page 301 and 302:
Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
Page 303 and 304:
See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
Page 305 and 306:
Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
Page 307 and 308:
egained from the U
Page 309 and 310:
was a record of an
Page 311 and 312:
secondary school use. Those institu
Page 313:
including erecting statues, mountin
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