România. 1940-1944. Studii. (Bucharest: Hasefer, 2001); Lya Benjamin, ed., “Legislaţia antievreiască,” vol. 1, Evreii din România între anii 1940-1944 (Bucharest: Hasefer, 1993); Jean Ancel, ed., Documents C<strong>on</strong>cerning <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Fate <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Romanian Jewry during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Holocaust, 12 vols. (Jerusalem: Beate Klarsfield Foundati<strong>on</strong>, 1986); Radu Ioanid, Sabia Arhanghelului Mihail. Ideologia fascistă în România (Bucharest: Diogene, 1994; English editi<strong>on</strong>, New York: Columbia University Press, 1990); Radu Ioanid, Evreii sub regimul Ant<strong>on</strong>escu Bucharest: Hasefer, Bucharest, 1997); Martiriul evreilor din România 1940-1944. Documente şi mărturii, Center for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Study <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Jewish History <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Romania (Bucharest: Hasefer, 1991). Pactul Ribbentrop-Molotov şi c<strong>on</strong>secinţele lui pentru Basarabia. Culegere de documente. (Robentrop-Molotov Pact and its c<strong>on</strong>sequences for Bessarabia. Collecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> documents, Universitas Publishing House, Chişinău, 1991, p. 5. For a more detailed discussi<strong>on</strong>, see Florin C<strong>on</strong>stantiniu, 1941. Hitler, Stalin şi România (Bucharest: Encyclopedic Universe, 2002), pp. 94-98; and Vitalie Varatec, 6 zile din istoria Bucovinei (28 iunie – 3 iulie 1940). Invazia şi anexarea nordului Bucovinei de către URSS (Six Days <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Bukovinan History, June 28–July 3, 1940: Invasi<strong>on</strong> and Annexati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Nor<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rn Bukovina by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> USSR) (Publishing House <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Bukovina - Bessarabia, Rădăuţi – Bucovina Institute, 2001), pp. 12-26. Vitalie Varatec, Preliminarii ale raptului Basarabiei şi nordului Bucovinei, 1938-1940 (Libra, 2000), p. 229-230. Detalii în Pactul Ribbentrop-Molotov şi c<strong>on</strong>secinţele lui pentru Basarabia. (Details <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact and Its C<strong>on</strong>sequences for Bessarabia) (1991), p. 14-41. Grigore Gafencu, Jurnal. 1940-1942 (Diary, 1940-1942) (Bucharest: Globus, 1939), p. 18-19. Florin C<strong>on</strong>stantiniu, Între Hitler şi Stalin. România şi Pactul Ribbentrop-Molotov (Bucharest: Danubius), pp. 104-105; Florin C<strong>on</strong>stantiniu, 1941. Hitler, Stalin şi România, pp. 114-115. Texts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> notes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> July 27-28, 1940, in Ioan Scurtu, C<strong>on</strong>stantin Mocanu, and Doina Smârcea, Documente privind istoria României între anii 1918-1944 (Bucharest: Didactic and Pedagogic Publishing House, 1995), pp. 529-530; Ioan Scurtu and C<strong>on</strong>stantin Hlihor, Anul 1940. Drama Românilor dintre Prut şi Nistru (Military Academy Publishing House), pp. 146-148. Valeriu Florin Dobrinescu, op.cit., 148-150. For <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Crown Councils discussi<strong>on</strong>s, see I<strong>on</strong> Mamina, C<strong>on</strong>silii de coroană (Bucharest: Encyclopedic Publishing), pp. 189-209. Valeriu Florin Dobrinescu, Bătălia diplomatică pentru Basarabia. 1918-1940, p. 221. Alexandru Cretzianu, op.cit., p. 6. Carol II, Între datorie şi pasiune. Însemnări zilnice, vol. 2, Şansa SRL, p. 85. Romanian Military Archives (hereafter: AMR), f<strong>on</strong>d 948, 3rd Secti<strong>on</strong>, Operati<strong>on</strong>s, file no. 1891, f. 128-131. Ibid., file no. 1836, f. 23. Ibid., f. 24. Ibid. Archives <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> External Affaires Ministry (hereafter: MAE Archives), f<strong>on</strong>d 71/USSR, vol.206, f.2. Ibid., f.6. AMR, f<strong>on</strong>d 948, file 527, f. 37 (<str<strong>on</strong>g>Report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Captain C. Georgescu, 26th Infantry Divisi<strong>on</strong>). Archives <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> External Affaires Ministry, f<strong>on</strong>d 71/USSR, file 98, f. 47. AMR, f<strong>on</strong>d Micro-films, roll P 21645, frame 399, file 948, file no. 1067, f. 54, 55. Alexandru Cretzianu, op.cit., p. 79. Ibid., f<strong>on</strong>d 948, file 155, f<strong>on</strong>d 107; 109. Ibid. f. 108.
Ibid., f<strong>on</strong>d Micro-films, roll I.II, 2.1644, frame 104. Ibid., f<strong>on</strong>d 3, file 1, f. 139; f<strong>on</strong>d Micro-films, roll P.II.1.1124, frame 507. Ibid., roll P.II.2.653, frame 500. Archives <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> External Affaires Ministry, f<strong>on</strong>d 71/USSR, tome 99, f. 105. Ibid., f<strong>on</strong>d 948, Secti<strong>on</strong> 1, file 155, f. 108. Scurtu, Mocanu, and Smârcea, Documente din Istoria României, p. 558. Evreii din România între anii 1940-1944, vol.1, “Legislaţia antievreiască” (Anti-Jewish legislati<strong>on</strong>), pp.26-27. Jean Ancel, op.cit. See also Alexandru Şafran (Bucharest: Hasefer, 1996), p. 18. Gheorghe Barbul, Memorial Ant<strong>on</strong>escu. Al treilea om al Axei, p.131. Mihai Pelin, op.cit., pp. 88-101. Carol II, op.cit., p. 208. Ibid., p. 52. Alexandru Şafran, op.cit., pp. 51-52. Apud Alexandru Mihai Stoenescu, Armata, mareşalul şi evreii (Army, marshal and Jews), RAO, 1998, pp. 106-107. Jean Ancel, op.cit., p. 251. Ibid., op. cit. p. 251. Ibid., p. 211-217. For <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Carp case see also AMR f<strong>on</strong>d 948, secti<strong>on</strong> 2, informati<strong>on</strong>, file 941, 1513. AMR f<strong>on</strong>d 948 secti<strong>on</strong> 2. Informati<strong>on</strong> file 941, f. 558-556. Ibid. f. 435. For <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se cases see Jean Ancel, op.cit., p. 217-227; Alex. Mihail Stoenescu, op.cit., p. 120-139; Marius Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina şi Dorohoi (Pogroms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Bukovina and Dorohoi), “Viaţa Literară”, Bucharest, 1945. ANR, Border-guard Corps f<strong>on</strong>d, file 2769, f. 851. This order was issued in a July 19, 1940, document.
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Final Repo
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Germany’s war against the
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which includes reputed experts led
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BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
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against which antisemites in <stron
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declaring in the p
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Bukovina and Bessarabia. Einsatzkom
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other things, <str
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Berezovka district and burn <strong
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them in exchange f
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transport of 2,000
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Bulgarian, Turkish, Italian, or Swi
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were at least 122,000 Jews. Bukovin
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Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: T
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Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136,
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Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
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Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblast
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Cable from the Mil
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1-1087, p. 114; list of</st
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Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
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child’s birth, would be considere
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Indeed, the system
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Romanianization instead of<
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The Cultural Ghettoization
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The Status of Jewi
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give up any radios able to send and
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Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
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L.A., no. 99, p. 344. Trei ani de g
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moral, social, and intellectual nee
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gradually, in reality the</
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except being defined as a Jew. I be
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egulate and authorize, under <stron
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y Lecca: Jews were privileged, and
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through the activi
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oth as a cry of re
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After coming to power, the<
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and then to send <
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their non-evacuate
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villages of <stron
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Return of Roma Sur
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(in many cases, the</strong
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in Romania. History and Contemporar
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THE ROLE OF ION ANTONESCU IN THE PL
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December 16, 1941, meeting
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me from carrying out the</s
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did not do it because…the
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more ironically, this leader’s wa
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THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
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Others 22 968 Magy
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ultimatum but also consented to <st
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military, political, and psychologi
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command over the g
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Huedin. The Jews of</strong
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authorities set up two ghettos in <
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Secuilor counties was carried out i
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the procedure foll
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deportation trains per day. While E
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Deportation Trains from Nor
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Câtcău Kackó Ciuc Csík Ciucea C
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Rona de Sus Felsöróna Rozavica Ro
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Bözödújfalu Bezidu Nou Budfalva
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Nagysajó Şieu (Bistrita-Nasaud Co
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(Indictment of Naz
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Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
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perceived by a significant part <st
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Romanian government not to adopt <s
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still alive in the
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the Jews who worke
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We have been informed that various
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church bells announce the</
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Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
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Pozdnyakova, Yefrosiniya Starostina
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Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
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the examined cases
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escape with negligible punishment;
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immense scale, enslaved millions <s
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means. The “ethnic Christian stat
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it is evident that the</str
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face să pară evident că victimel
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viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
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Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
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members accepted as authoritative s
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camp in January 1945, for several m
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Beginning in the 1
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such access was strictly supervised
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enefit from translation into Englis
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furthermore, he ha
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lucrative Jewish business ever,”
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deaths of thousand
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Treptow who was residing in Romania
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Finally, it must b
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A.) Integral Negationism Although <
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other genocides re
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mankind, such as wars; the<
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age of 44, only on
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After deploring the</strong
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Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
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See, for example, Giurescu who make
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Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
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Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
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See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
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Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
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egained from the U
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was a record of an
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secondary school use. Those institu
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including erecting statues, mountin