Final Report of the International Commission on the - Minority Rights ...

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2. Szilágynagyfalu Nuşfalău Szilágypér Pir Szilágysomlyó Şimleu Silvaniei Szinérváralja Seini Szolnok-Doboka Someş Szováta Sovata Szurdók Surduc Tasnád Tăşnad Teke Teaca Teles Teleiu Terep Trip Torda Turda Vámfalu Vama Váncsfalva Onceşti Vármezö Buciumi Visóoroszi Ruscova Zilah Zalău Zsibó Jibou ----- For <strong>the</strong> Hungarian name <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> North Transylvanian localities referred to in this study, see Appendix The county and district names and boundaries referred to in this study are those <strong>of</strong> Hungary <strong>of</strong> 1940- 1944. For a review <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> legislative acts enacted against <strong>the</strong> Jews, consult The Politics <strong>of</strong> Genocide. The Holocaust in Hungary, 2d ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), pp. 125-130, 151-160. (Referred to hereafter as Braham, Politics.) For some details, see Tamás Majsai, “The Deportation <strong>of</strong> Jews from Csikszereda and Margit Slachta’s intervention on Their Behalf” In: Studies on <strong>the</strong> Holocaust in Hungary, Randolph L. Braham, ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), pp. 113-163. For details on <strong>the</strong> Hungarian labor service system, see Braham, Politics, chapter 10. For details on <strong>the</strong> background and consequences <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Horthy-Hitler meeting at Schloss Klesheim, see ibid, chapter 11. For <strong>the</strong> English version <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> decree, see ibid, pp. 573-75. Ibid., pp. 575-78. Order No. 6136/1944.VII.res. dated April 4, 1944. Ibid., pp. 578-79. For a sample <strong>of</strong> a mayoral order addressed to a local Jewish community see ibid. Ibid, chapter 29. Decree No. 1.440/1944.M.E. For details on <strong>the</strong> gendarmerie districts, see Braham, Politics, chapter 13. Decree No. 1.610/1944. M.E. The objective <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> decree, which was issued ten days after <strong>the</strong> Jews <strong>of</strong> Carpatho-Ru<strong>the</strong>nia were being rounded up, was camouflaged under <strong>the</strong> title "Concerning <strong>the</strong> Regulation <strong>of</strong> Certain Questions Relating to <strong>the</strong> Jews' Apartments and Living Places." For <strong>the</strong> minutes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers meeting on this issue, see Vádirat a nácizmus ellen
(Indictment <strong>of</strong> Nazism). Ilona Benosch<strong>of</strong>sky and Elek Karsai, eds. (Budapest: A Magyar Izraeliták Országos Képviselete, 1958-1967), Vol. 1, pp. 241-44. For a sample, see <strong>the</strong> text <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> announcement issued by Mayor László Gyapay in Oradea. Braham, Politics, p. 629. For details on <strong>the</strong> resistance movements and on <strong>the</strong> attitudes and reactions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Christian church leaders, see ibid., chapter 10. These figures do not include <strong>the</strong> Jews <strong>of</strong> Maramureş County and <strong>of</strong> some districts in <strong>the</strong> neighboring counties that were geographically parts <strong>of</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Transylvania but administratively parts <strong>of</strong> Gendarmerie District VIII. These Jews fell victim to <strong>the</strong> drive conducted in Carpatho-Ru<strong>the</strong>nia and nor<strong>the</strong>astern Hungary. See ibid., chapter 17. For details on <strong>the</strong> composition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jewish Councils and on <strong>the</strong> German and Hungarian elements involved in <strong>the</strong> anti-Jewish drive in Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Transylvania, see ibid., pp. 626-52. For testimonies presented by <strong>the</strong> prosecution in <strong>the</strong> 1946 trial <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials involved in <strong>the</strong> implementation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> final solution in Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Transylvania, see Randolph L. Braham, Genocide and Retribution. The Holocaust in Hungarian-Ruled Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Transylvania. (Boston: Kluwer-Nijh<strong>of</strong>f, 1983). (Cited hereafter as Braham, Genocide.) The basic source <strong>of</strong> this work was <strong>the</strong> judgment (May 31, 1946) in <strong>the</strong> 1946 trial that took place in Cluj. Ministerul Afacerilor Interne, Dos. Nr. 40029. Ancheta Abraham Iosif si altii (Dossier No. 40029. The Case <strong>of</strong> Josif Abraham and O<strong>the</strong>rs). Vol. 1, Part II, pp. 891-1068. (See also section Crime and Punishment.). On <strong>the</strong> anti-Jewish campaign in Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Transylvania in general, see also United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, Archives (Cited hereafter as USHMM, Archives), RG-25.004M, Reel 42, File 5, and Reel 94, File 23. Among <strong>the</strong>se were <strong>the</strong> Jews <strong>of</strong> Borşa, Ciucea, Gilău, Hida and Panticeu. Among <strong>the</strong> Jews first assembled in Gherla were those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> villages <strong>of</strong> Aluniş, Băiţa, Beudiu, Buza, Chiochiş, Dârja, Fizeşu Gherlii, Icloda, Lacu, Livada, Lujerdiu, Manic, Mateiaş, Nasal, Pădureni, Pui, Sic, Sânnicoară şi Sânmartin. For details, see Braham, Politics, chapter 29. For fur<strong>the</strong>r details, see Braham, Genocide, pp. 24-27, 123-141. Among <strong>the</strong>se were <strong>the</strong> small Jewish communities <strong>of</strong> Beclean, Beudiu, Bobâlna, Icloda, Ileanda, Lăpuş, Mica, Reteag, Şintereag, Urişor, and Uriu. Those assembled in Gherla were eventually transferred to <strong>the</strong> ghetto <strong>of</strong> Cluj. See Braham, Genocide, pp. 27-29, 178-187. See also USHMM, Archives, RG-25.004M, Reel 52, File 2044; Reel 72, File 40027; Reels 89-90, File 40029.b. Among <strong>the</strong>se were <strong>the</strong> Jews from <strong>the</strong> towns <strong>of</strong> Crasna, Şimleu Silvaniei, Tăşnad, and Zalău. On Şimleu Silvaniei, see USHMM, Archives, RG-25.004M, Reels 90, 92 and 94 , File 40029. On Tăşnad, Reel 50, Files 1106, 30(502), and 422(666). Among <strong>the</strong>se were <strong>the</strong> Jews from <strong>the</strong> towns <strong>of</strong> Buciumi, Cehei, Cehu Silvaniei, Jibou, Nusfalau, Pir, Simleu Silvaniei, Supuru de Jos, Supuru de Sus, Surduc, Tasnad, and Zalau. For fur<strong>the</strong>r details, see Braham, Genocide, pp. 29-30, 162-178. For documentary sources on Carei, see USHMM, Archives, RG-25.004M, Reel40, File12; Reel 50, File 446(678), and Reel 51, File 1130(III). Among <strong>the</strong> Jews concentrated in <strong>the</strong> Satu Mare ghetto were those Aleşd, Apa, Batiz, Bixad, Cărăşeu, Carei, Craidorolt, Copalnic Mănăştur, Lechinţa, Livada Mică, Medieşu Aurit, Micula, Mireşu Mare, Negreşti-Oaş, Oraşu Nou, Seini, Şomcuta Mare, Trip, Vama and Viile Satu Mare. On Bixad, see USHMM, Archives, RG-25.004M, Reel 51, File 852(I). On Negreşti-Oaş, Reel 49, File714 and Reel 50,
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Final Repo
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Germany’s war against the
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which includes reputed experts led
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BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
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against which antisemites in <stron
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declaring in the p
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them. Thus, he con
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We must organize ourselves for a wa
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ureaucracy of wart
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this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
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promising leader of</strong
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organized a tariff and tax strike.
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Legion of
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less so in Romanian society as a wh
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This ambiguous, self-contradictory
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The Gigurtu government began to con
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The Case of Român
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Cuza’s argument that it is possib
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Românesc,” Sociologie Româneasc
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ole in the early 1
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European states, notably Romania an
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Germany's immediate interests at <s
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eligious communities, the</
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counterpart, “when [he] first met
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de Istorie şi Arheologie, “A. D.
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Romania. Muler to Luthe</st
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demands on territorial revisions an
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military mission to come to Romania
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High Command, informing the
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The Jews and the R
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Romanian army. Thus, in Ciudei in <
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antisemitism in Romanian society an
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Ibid., fond Micro-films, roll I.II,
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manifestations of
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power, as this power colonized West
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attraction, many Jews resettled in
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to defend itself; hence its support
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about the Holocaus
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Nichifor Crainic, “Dupa douazeci
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Isaia Tolan, “Revizuirea incetate
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X. Y. Z., “Rezolvarea problemei e
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andom searches and arrests, robberi
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Bucharest Prefectura. Almost two th
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epression was not ordered by Antone
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from villages and small towns. On J
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accident; it was contrived by <stro
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The second train to leave Iasi for
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care of th
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"premilitary," were also placed at
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according to the o
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Tighina Agreement On August 30, Tra
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elieved Transnistria would be occup
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the 331,000 Ukrain
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those inside to take the</s
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[longer] move.” After several wee
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eappear a few seconds later and sig
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operation and that “some
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Bukovina and Bessarabia. Einsatzkom
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other things, <str
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Berezovka district and burn <strong
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them in exchange f
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transport of 2,000
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Bulgarian, Turkish, Italian, or Swi
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were at least 122,000 Jews. Bukovin
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Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: T
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Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136,
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Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
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Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblast
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Cable from the Mil
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1-1087, p. 114; list of</st
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Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
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child’s birth, would be considere
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Indeed, the system
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Romanianization instead of<
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The Cultural Ghettoization
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The Status of Jewi
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give up any radios able to send and
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Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
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L.A., no. 99, p. 344. Trei ani de g
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moral, social, and intellectual nee
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gradually, in reality the</
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except being defined as a Jew. I be
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egulate and authorize, under <stron
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y Lecca: Jews were privileged, and
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through the activi
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oth as a cry of re
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After coming to power, the<
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Page 181 and 182: Return of Roma Sur
Page 183 and 184: (in many cases, the</strong
Page 185 and 186: in Romania. History and Contemporar
Page 187 and 188: THE ROLE OF ION ANTONESCU IN THE PL
Page 189 and 190: December 16, 1941, meeting
Page 191 and 192: me from carrying out the</s
Page 193 and 194: did not do it because…the
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Page 197 and 198: THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
Page 199 and 200: Others 22 968 Magy
Page 201 and 202: ultimatum but also consented to <st
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Page 223 and 224: Bözödújfalu Bezidu Nou Budfalva
Page 225: Nagysajó Şieu (Bistrita-Nasaud Co
Page 229 and 230: Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
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Page 235 and 236: still alive in the
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Page 239 and 240: We have been informed that various
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Page 243 and 244: Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
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Page 247 and 248: Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
Page 249 and 250: the examined cases
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Page 253 and 254: immense scale, enslaved millions <s
Page 255 and 256: means. The “ethnic Christian stat
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Page 261 and 262: viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
Page 263 and 264: Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
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Page 267 and 268: camp in January 1945, for several m
Page 269 and 270: Beginning in the 1
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lucrative Jewish business ever,”
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deaths of thousand
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Treptow who was residing in Romania
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Finally, it must b
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A.) Integral Negationism Although <
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other genocides re
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mankind, such as wars; the<
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age of 44, only on
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After deploring the</strong
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Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
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See, for example, Giurescu who make
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Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
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Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
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See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
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Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
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egained from the U
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was a record of an
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secondary school use. Those institu
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including erecting statues, mountin
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