Final Report of the International Commission on the - Minority Rights ...

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File 7141. For fur<strong>the</strong>r details on <strong>the</strong> ghetto <strong>of</strong> Satu Mare, see Braham, Genocide, pp. 31-32, 101-113. See also USDHMM, Archives, RG-25.004M, Reel 51, Files 854(I) and 920(I); Reel 88, File 40029, Vol. 4. For fur<strong>the</strong>r details on Baia Mare, see ibid., pp. 32-33, 113-123. See also USHMM, Archives, RG- 25.004M, Reel 42, File 40030; Reels 90 and 94, File 40029. On Baia Sprie, see Reel 60, File 22291. Among <strong>the</strong> rural Jews transferred to <strong>the</strong> ghetto in Bistriţa were those <strong>of</strong> Ilva Mare, Ilva Mică, Lechinţa, Năsăud, Nimigea de Jos, Prundu Bârgăului, Rodna, Romuli, and Şieu. For fur<strong>the</strong>r details, see Braham, Genocide, pp. 33, 187-190. Among <strong>the</strong> Jewish communities concentrated in <strong>the</strong> yard were those <strong>of</strong> Aleşd, Biharia, Borod, Marghita, Săcueni, Sălard, Salonta, and Valea lui Mihai. On Marghita see USHMM, Archives, RG- 25.004M, Reel 88, File 40029; On Salonta see Reel 42, File 40030, Item 43. For fur<strong>the</strong>r details, see Braham, Genocide, pp. 33-36, 79-101. For additional documents on <strong>the</strong> fate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews in Oradea and Bihor County, see also USHMM, Archives, RG-25.004M, Reel 42, Filee40030; Reel 73, File40027; Reel 87 and 88, File 40029. On Ţara Secuilor in general, see USHMM, Archives, RG-25.004M, Reel r51, File 1548, Item 1160(I), and RG- ? , Reel 1, Item 11. The ghetto <strong>of</strong> Târgu Mureş also included <strong>the</strong> Jews <strong>of</strong> Band, Miercurea Nirajului, Sângeorgiu de Pădure, and Sovata. USHMM, Archives, RG-25.004M, Reel 50, Files 10781, 10801, and 10861; Reels 88 and 89 , File, 40029. Among <strong>the</strong>se were <strong>the</strong> Jews <strong>of</strong> Iernutei, Lunca Bradului, Răstoliţa, and Topliţa. USHMM, Archives, RG-25.004M, Reel 73, File 40027; Reel 89, File 40029. In addition to <strong>the</strong> Jews <strong>of</strong> Sfântu Gheorghe, <strong>the</strong> ghetto included <strong>the</strong> Jews <strong>of</strong> Boroşneu Mare, Covasna, and Târgu Secuiesc. USHMM, Archives, RG-25.004M, Reel 50, Files 1106 and 1920. Ibid, Reels 89 and 94, File 40029. For fur<strong>the</strong>r details on <strong>the</strong> fate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews in <strong>the</strong> counties constituting Tara Secuilor, see Braham, Genocide, pp. 36-40, 141-157. Among <strong>the</strong>se were <strong>the</strong> Jews <strong>of</strong> Berbeşti, Bârsana, Budeşti, Giuleşti, Mara, Năneşti, Onceşti, Poienile Izei, Sârbi, Surduc, and Vadu Izei, On Berbeşti, see also USHMM, Archives, RG-25.004M, Reel 61, File 7081. Among <strong>the</strong>se were <strong>the</strong> Jews from <strong>of</strong> Bocicoiu Mare, Câmpulung la Tisa, Coştiui, Crăciunel, Remeţi, Rona de Jos, Rona de Sus, and Săpânţa. On Crăciunel, see also USHMM, Archives, RG-25.004M, Reel 72, File 40027; On Rona de Sus, see Reel 40, File40030, Item 26. Among <strong>the</strong>se were <strong>the</strong> Jewish communities <strong>of</strong> Borşa, Leordina, Moisei, Petrova, Poienile de Munte and Ruscova. On Vişeu de Sus, see Reel 42, File 40030, Item 40; On Borşa, see Reel 49, File 710. Among <strong>the</strong>se were those from Bogdan Vodă, Botiza, Glod, Ieud, Rozavlea, Săcel, Şieu, Saj<strong>of</strong>alva, Sălişte, and Vişeu de Jos. For more details on <strong>the</strong> anti-Jewish drive in Maramureş County, see Braham, Genocide, pp.40- 42,157-162. See also USHMM, Archives, RG-25.004M, Reel 71, File 40027. Braham, Politics, pp. 666-68. Ibid., pp. 667-69. The horrors <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> entrainment and deportation were described in detail in a great number <strong>of</strong> memoirs and testimonies after <strong>the</strong> war. Consult The Hungarian Jewish Catastrophe: A Selected and Annotated Bibliography, 2d ed, Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), and The Holocaust in Hungary: A Selected and Annotated Bibliography, 1984-2000,
Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001). The Destruction <strong>of</strong> Hungarian Jewry: A Documentary Account. Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (New York: World Federation <strong>of</strong> Hungarian Jews, 1963), Docs. 267-279. See Appendix 1. See Braham, Politics, pp. 1317-1331. For text, see Monitorul Oficial (Official Gazette), Bucharest, Part 1, April 24, 1945, pp. 3362-64. For <strong>the</strong> text <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> indictment, see USHMM, Archives, RG-25.004M, Reel 87, File 40029. For documents on various trial proceedings and judgments, see ibid, Reel 69, File 40027; Reel 76, File 40024 and Reel 87, File 40029. See also USHMM, Archives, Fond Tribunalul Poporului--Cluj, 1945-1946, Reel 2, Item 22. For <strong>the</strong> English translation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Judgment, see Braham, Genocide. Decree No. 72 <strong>of</strong> March 23, 1950, “Freeing <strong>of</strong> Convicted Individuals Prior to <strong>the</strong> Completion <strong>of</strong> Their Term (Decret Nr. 72 privitor la liberarea înainte de termen a celor condamnati). Monitorul Oficial, March 23, 1950. Also reproduced in Colectie de legi, decrete, hotarîri si deciziuni (Collection <strong>of</strong> Laws, Decrees, Resolutions, and Decisions). Vol. 28. (Bucharest: Editura de Stat, 1950), pp. 76-79. These data were collected by <strong>the</strong> Railway Command <strong>of</strong> Kassa (Kosice). Mikulas (Miklós) Gaskó, “Halálvonatok” (Death Trains), Menóra, Toronto, June 1, 1984, pp. 4, 12. The figures relating to <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> trains and deportees and <strong>the</strong> deportation dates do not always coincide with those given in o<strong>the</strong>r sources. SOLIDARITY AND RESCUE Introduction In June 2000, by resolution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bucharest Town Hall, a street in <strong>the</strong> Romanian capital was named “Dr. Traian Popovici,” after <strong>the</strong> former mayor <strong>of</strong> Cernauti during <strong>the</strong> Second World War, who saved thousands <strong>of</strong> Jews from deportation to Transnistria. Popovici is <strong>the</strong> first Romanian awarded <strong>the</strong> title “Righteous among Nations” by Yad Vashem to be <strong>of</strong>ficially honored by <strong>the</strong> Romanian government. This happened six decades after <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war and thirty-five years after Yad Vashem granted <strong>the</strong> title to Popovici. This odd delay in celebrating a man who deserves <strong>the</strong> respect <strong>of</strong> a national hero was, undoubtedly, <strong>the</strong> outcome <strong>of</strong> a process aimed at <strong>the</strong> rehabilitation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Antonescu regime for its crimes against <strong>the</strong> Jews. This process commenced during <strong>the</strong> Ceausescu regime and continued after <strong>the</strong> fall <strong>of</strong> communism with <strong>the</strong> more overt attempt to turn Antonescu into a martyr and national hero. That Romanians, who saved Jewish lives by endangering <strong>the</strong>ir own, were not paid public homage during <strong>the</strong>ir lifetime may be explained by <strong>the</strong> fact that postwar generations in Romania were educated in <strong>the</strong> spirit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> patriotic myth <strong>of</strong> a Romania unsullied by <strong>the</strong> war, despite <strong>the</strong> glaring truth that it had been an ally <strong>of</strong> Nazi Germany. Had <strong>the</strong>y been celebrated as rescuers, it would have implied that <strong>the</strong>re had been Romanian murderers and murderous Romanian authorities from whom thousands <strong>of</strong> Jews needed saving. Certainly, such an acknowledgement would have questioned <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficial patriotic propaganda on this dark chapter <strong>of</strong> Romanian history. The only book written on <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong> Romanian rescuers was authored by a Romanian Jew, Marius Mircu, and published in Romanian in Tel Aviv. Commemorations <strong>of</strong> Jewish victims in <strong>the</strong> Romanian Jewish community and its publication (Revista cultului mozaic) as well as ceremonies dedicated to <strong>the</strong>ir rescuers were tolerated, but also closely monitored. The only exceptions were selected if <strong>the</strong>y fit into political and propaganda scenarios, such as rescuers in Hungarian-occupied Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Transylvania. The actions <strong>of</strong> this specific category <strong>of</strong> saviors were highlighted and even exaggerated to <strong>the</strong> point <strong>of</strong>
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Final Repo
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Germany’s war against the
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which includes reputed experts led
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BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
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against which antisemites in <stron
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declaring in the p
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them. Thus, he con
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We must organize ourselves for a wa
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ureaucracy of wart
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this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
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promising leader of</strong
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organized a tariff and tax strike.
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Legion of
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less so in Romanian society as a wh
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This ambiguous, self-contradictory
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The Gigurtu government began to con
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The Case of Român
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Cuza’s argument that it is possib
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Românesc,” Sociologie Româneasc
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ole in the early 1
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European states, notably Romania an
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Germany's immediate interests at <s
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eligious communities, the</
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counterpart, “when [he] first met
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de Istorie şi Arheologie, “A. D.
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Romania. Muler to Luthe</st
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demands on territorial revisions an
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military mission to come to Romania
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High Command, informing the
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The Jews and the R
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Romanian army. Thus, in Ciudei in <
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antisemitism in Romanian society an
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Ibid., fond Micro-films, roll I.II,
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manifestations of
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power, as this power colonized West
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attraction, many Jews resettled in
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to defend itself; hence its support
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about the Holocaus
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Nichifor Crainic, “Dupa douazeci
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Isaia Tolan, “Revizuirea incetate
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X. Y. Z., “Rezolvarea problemei e
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andom searches and arrests, robberi
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Bucharest Prefectura. Almost two th
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epression was not ordered by Antone
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from villages and small towns. On J
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accident; it was contrived by <stro
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The second train to leave Iasi for
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care of th
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"premilitary," were also placed at
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according to the o
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Tighina Agreement On August 30, Tra
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elieved Transnistria would be occup
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the 331,000 Ukrain
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those inside to take the</s
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[longer] move.” After several wee
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eappear a few seconds later and sig
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operation and that “some
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Bukovina and Bessarabia. Einsatzkom
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other things, <str
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Berezovka district and burn <strong
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them in exchange f
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transport of 2,000
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Bulgarian, Turkish, Italian, or Swi
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were at least 122,000 Jews. Bukovin
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Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: T
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Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136,
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Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
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Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblast
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Cable from the Mil
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1-1087, p. 114; list of</st
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Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
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child’s birth, would be considere
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Indeed, the system
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Romanianization instead of<
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The Cultural Ghettoization
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The Status of Jewi
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give up any radios able to send and
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Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
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L.A., no. 99, p. 344. Trei ani de g
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moral, social, and intellectual nee
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gradually, in reality the</
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except being defined as a Jew. I be
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egulate and authorize, under <stron
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y Lecca: Jews were privileged, and
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through the activi
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oth as a cry of re
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After coming to power, the<
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and then to send <
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Page 181 and 182: Return of Roma Sur
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Page 185 and 186: in Romania. History and Contemporar
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Page 191 and 192: me from carrying out the</s
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Page 197 and 198: THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
Page 199 and 200: Others 22 968 Magy
Page 201 and 202: ultimatum but also consented to <st
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Page 243 and 244: Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
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Page 247 and 248: Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
Page 249 and 250: the examined cases
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Page 253 and 254: immense scale, enslaved millions <s
Page 255 and 256: means. The “ethnic Christian stat
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Page 263 and 264: Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
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Page 267 and 268: camp in January 1945, for several m
Page 269 and 270: Beginning in the 1
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deaths of thousand
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Treptow who was residing in Romania
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Finally, it must b
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A.) Integral Negationism Although <
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other genocides re
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mankind, such as wars; the<
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age of 44, only on
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After deploring the</strong
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Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
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See, for example, Giurescu who make
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Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
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Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
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See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
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Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
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egained from the U
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was a record of an
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secondary school use. Those institu
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including erecting statues, mountin
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