Final Report of the International Commission on the - Minority Rights ...

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communist Romania except in rare instances. Conclusions In <strong>the</strong> year 1942, as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> policy <strong>of</strong> ethnic cleansing promoted bz <strong>the</strong> Antonescu government, 25,000 Romanian Roma were deported to Transnistria. This number included all nomadic Roma and part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sedentary Roma, all being considered to be “problems” because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir way <strong>of</strong> life, criminal convictions on lack <strong>of</strong> means to subsist. The deportees represented approximately 12 percent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> total Roma population in <strong>the</strong> country. Given <strong>the</strong> very harsh living conditions in <strong>the</strong> deportation places, especially because <strong>of</strong> hunger, cold and desease, approximately 11,000 deported died in Transnistria. The survivors returned to <strong>the</strong> country in spring 1944, at <strong>the</strong> same time with <strong>the</strong> retreat from Transnistria <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> army and Romanian authorities. ----- Viorel Achim, Tiganii in istoria Romaniei (Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedica, 1998), p. 132. On <strong>the</strong> Roma in <strong>the</strong> interwar period, including <strong>the</strong>ir perception by <strong>the</strong> Romanian society, ibid., pp. 120-132. Ibid., pp. 133-136. Iordache Făcăoaru, “Amestecul rasial si etnic in Romania,” Buletinul Eugenic şi Biopolitic 9 (1938): p. 283. Ibid., pp. 282-286. Gheorghe Făcăoaru, Câteva date în jurul familiei şi statului biopolitic (Bucharest: Editura Institutului Central de Statistică, 1941), pp. 17-18. L. Stan, “Rasism faţă de ţigani”, Cuvântul, XVIII, no. 53, January 18, 1941, pp. 1, 9. Ion Chelcea, Ţiganii din România. Monografie etnografica (Bucharest: Editura Institutului Central de Statistică, 1944), pp. 100-101. See below <strong>the</strong> section “The Romanian Population and <strong>the</strong> Deportation <strong>of</strong> Roma.” Procesul marii trădări naţionale: Stenograma desbaterilor de la Tribunalul Poporului asupra Guvernului Antonescu (Bucharest: Editura Eminescu, 1946), p. 66. Marcel-Dumitru Ciucă, et al., eds, Stenogramele şedinţelor Consiliului de Miniştri. Guvernarea Ion Antonescu, vol. 2 (Bucharest: Arhivele Naţionale ale României, 1998), p. 181. Antonescu stated, “…all Gypsies in Bucharest must be removed. But before removing <strong>the</strong>m, we must consider where to take <strong>the</strong>m and what to do with <strong>the</strong>m. A solution might be to wait until <strong>the</strong> marshes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Danube are drained and build some Gypsy villages <strong>the</strong>re and let <strong>the</strong>m fish. […] Ano<strong>the</strong>r solution would be to negotiate with <strong>the</strong> big landowners. There…is a considerable shortage <strong>of</strong> workers in Bărăgan. We could build <strong>the</strong>se villages <strong>the</strong>re…at least some houses and barracks, a sanitation system, stores, inns, etc. We should set up a census and arrest all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m, en masse, and bring <strong>the</strong>m to <strong>the</strong>se villages. We will build three-four villages, each for 5–6,000 families, and install guards around <strong>the</strong>m, for <strong>the</strong>m not to be able to get out. They will live <strong>the</strong>ir life <strong>the</strong>re and find work <strong>the</strong>re too.” Viorel Achim, ed., Documente privind deportarea ţiganilor în Transnistria, 2 vols. (Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedică, 2004, forthcoming), no. 6. Ibid., no. 3. ANIC, fond IGJ, dosar 201/1942, dosar 202/1942, dosar 203/1942. Procesul marii trădări naţionale, p. 66. See footnote 8. On <strong>the</strong> objectives <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> government’s deportation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Roma, see Viorel Achim, “The Antonescu Government’s Policy towards <strong>the</strong> Gypsies”, in Mihail E. Ionescu and Liviu Rotman, eds., The Holocaust
in Romania. History and Contemporary Significance, Bucharest, 2003, pp. 55-60. For Sabin Manuilă’s memo, see Viorel Achim, “The Romanian Population Exchange Project Elaborated by Sabin Manuilă in October 1941,” Annali dell'Instituto storico italo-germanico in Trento 28 (2001): pp. 593–617. Achim, Documente, no. 104. Ibid., no. 15. Ibid., no. 179. Ibid, no.42. ANIC, fond PCM, dosar 202/1941-1944, pp. 274-277. Achim, Documente, no. 203. Ibid. Ibid., no. 306. ANIC, fond DGP, dosar 77/1943, p. 47; dosar 43/1943, p. 286. Achim, Documente, no. 101. Timpul, VI, no. 1954, October 16, 1942, p. 3. Achim, Documente, no. 189. Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction <strong>of</strong> Jews and Gypsies Under <strong>the</strong> Antonescu Regime, 1940-1944 (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000), p. 227. Radu Ioanid, Evreii sub regimul Antonescu (Bucharest: Hasefer, 1997), pp. 312-313. Achim, Documente, no. 573 (<strong>Report</strong>, January 3, 1944). Ibid., no. 179. Ibid., no. 268. Ibid., no. 249. Ibid., no. 590. Ioanid, Evreii, p. 315. Achim, Documente, no. 641. Vasile Gorsky’s memo is discussed in Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania, pp.231-235. The situation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Roma deportees, with <strong>the</strong> changes occurred in time, is best summarized in <strong>the</strong> monthly reports <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Labor Service within <strong>the</strong> district prefectures. These documents contain a chapter dealing with “The Labor and <strong>the</strong> Life Regime <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Gypsies.” For example, see Achim, Documente, no. 473 (from <strong>the</strong> Golta district, August 1943). See footnote 40. Achim, Documente, no. 589. Ibid., no. 605. Ibid., no. 604. Documents referring to <strong>the</strong>se aspects: ibid., no. 474, no. 481, no. 506, no. 522, no. 528 etc. Ibid., no. 375. Ibid., no. 543. Ibid., no. 488. Ibid., no. 553 (<strong>Report</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Gendarmes Inspectorate Balta, December 9, 1943). Ibid., no. 383. Ibid., no. 608. ANIC, fond IGJ, dosar 86/1944, dosar 97/1944. Achim, Documente, no. 613. Ibid., no. 621. Numerous examples can be found in ANIC, fond IGJ, dosar 86/1944 etc.
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Final Repo
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Germany’s war against the
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which includes reputed experts led
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BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
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against which antisemites in <stron
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declaring in the p
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them. Thus, he con
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We must organize ourselves for a wa
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ureaucracy of wart
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this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
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promising leader of</strong
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organized a tariff and tax strike.
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Legion of
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less so in Romanian society as a wh
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This ambiguous, self-contradictory
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The Gigurtu government began to con
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The Case of Român
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Cuza’s argument that it is possib
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Românesc,” Sociologie Româneasc
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ole in the early 1
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European states, notably Romania an
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Germany's immediate interests at <s
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eligious communities, the</
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counterpart, “when [he] first met
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de Istorie şi Arheologie, “A. D.
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Romania. Muler to Luthe</st
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demands on territorial revisions an
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military mission to come to Romania
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High Command, informing the
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The Jews and the R
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Romanian army. Thus, in Ciudei in <
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antisemitism in Romanian society an
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Ibid., fond Micro-films, roll I.II,
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manifestations of
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power, as this power colonized West
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attraction, many Jews resettled in
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to defend itself; hence its support
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about the Holocaus
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Nichifor Crainic, “Dupa douazeci
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Isaia Tolan, “Revizuirea incetate
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X. Y. Z., “Rezolvarea problemei e
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andom searches and arrests, robberi
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Bucharest Prefectura. Almost two th
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epression was not ordered by Antone
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from villages and small towns. On J
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accident; it was contrived by <stro
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The second train to leave Iasi for
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care of th
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"premilitary," were also placed at
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according to the o
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Tighina Agreement On August 30, Tra
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elieved Transnistria would be occup
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the 331,000 Ukrain
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those inside to take the</s
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[longer] move.” After several wee
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eappear a few seconds later and sig
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operation and that “some
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Bukovina and Bessarabia. Einsatzkom
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other things, <str
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Berezovka district and burn <strong
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them in exchange f
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transport of 2,000
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Bulgarian, Turkish, Italian, or Swi
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were at least 122,000 Jews. Bukovin
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Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: T
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Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136,
Page 133 and 134: Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
Page 135 and 136: Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblast
Page 137 and 138: Cable from the Mil
Page 139 and 140: 1-1087, p. 114; list of</st
Page 141 and 142: Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
Page 143 and 144: child’s birth, would be considere
Page 145 and 146: Indeed, the system
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Page 149 and 150: The Cultural Ghettoization
Page 151 and 152: The Status of Jewi
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Page 155 and 156: Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
Page 157 and 158: L.A., no. 99, p. 344. Trei ani de g
Page 159 and 160: moral, social, and intellectual nee
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Page 163 and 164: except being defined as a Jew. I be
Page 165 and 166: egulate and authorize, under <stron
Page 167 and 168: y Lecca: Jews were privileged, and
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Page 171 and 172: oth as a cry of re
Page 173 and 174: After coming to power, the<
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Page 177 and 178: their non-evacuate
Page 179 and 180: villages of <stron
Page 181 and 182: Return of Roma Sur
Page 183: (in many cases, the</strong
Page 187 and 188: THE ROLE OF ION ANTONESCU IN THE PL
Page 189 and 190: December 16, 1941, meeting
Page 191 and 192: me from carrying out the</s
Page 193 and 194: did not do it because…the
Page 195 and 196: more ironically, this leader’s wa
Page 197 and 198: THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
Page 199 and 200: Others 22 968 Magy
Page 201 and 202: ultimatum but also consented to <st
Page 203 and 204: military, political, and psychologi
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Page 209 and 210: authorities set up two ghettos in <
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Page 213 and 214: the procedure foll
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Page 219 and 220: Câtcău Kackó Ciuc Csík Ciucea C
Page 221 and 222: Rona de Sus Felsöróna Rozavica Ro
Page 223 and 224: Bözödújfalu Bezidu Nou Budfalva
Page 225 and 226: Nagysajó Şieu (Bistrita-Nasaud Co
Page 227 and 228: (Indictment of Naz
Page 229 and 230: Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
Page 231 and 232: perceived by a significant part <st
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still alive in the
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the Jews who worke
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We have been informed that various
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church bells announce the</
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Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
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Pozdnyakova, Yefrosiniya Starostina
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Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
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the examined cases
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escape with negligible punishment;
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immense scale, enslaved millions <s
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means. The “ethnic Christian stat
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it is evident that the</str
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face să pară evident că victimel
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viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
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Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
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members accepted as authoritative s
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camp in January 1945, for several m
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Beginning in the 1
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such access was strictly supervised
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enefit from translation into Englis
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furthermore, he ha
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lucrative Jewish business ever,”
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deaths of thousand
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Treptow who was residing in Romania
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Finally, it must b
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A.) Integral Negationism Although <
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other genocides re
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mankind, such as wars; the<
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age of 44, only on
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After deploring the</strong
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Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
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See, for example, Giurescu who make
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Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
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Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
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See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
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Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
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egained from the U
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was a record of an
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secondary school use. Those institu
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including erecting statues, mountin
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