Final Report of the International Commission on the - Minority Rights ...

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makes <strong>the</strong> following recommendations: Public Awareness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Holocaust Acceptance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Report</strong> The government <strong>of</strong> Romania should issue an <strong>of</strong>ficial declaration acknowledging <strong>the</strong> report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Commission</strong> and adopting <strong>the</strong> entirety <strong>of</strong> its contents and conclusions. Publication <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Commission</strong>’s <strong>Report</strong> The full report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Commission</strong>, once accepted and endorsed by <strong>the</strong> president <strong>of</strong> Romania, shall be published in Romanian and English and made available in both print and Internet editions. Consideration should also be given to publishing a French language version. Dissemination <strong>of</strong> Summary Findings The full report shall be distributed throughout <strong>the</strong> country to all libraries, schools, universities, and o<strong>the</strong>r educational and research institutions. At <strong>the</strong> same time, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Commission</strong> shall also prepare an abridged summary report <strong>of</strong> its findings, and all efforts should be undertaken to ensure its widest distribution. The <strong>Commission</strong> recommends that this could include publication in newspapers or journals as well as <strong>the</strong> preparation and publication <strong>of</strong> a paperback book version that would be distributed to each household in Romania, just as <strong>the</strong> government <strong>of</strong> Sweden distributed copies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> publication, Tell Ye Your Children, to every household in Sweden. Public Information Efforts Special consideration should be given to engage <strong>the</strong> media in order to enhance public interest in <strong>the</strong> report and <strong>the</strong> primary sources on which it is based. Efforts should be made to organize conferences and roundtable discussions on radio and television that make use <strong>of</strong> <strong>Commission</strong> members and experts to disseminate <strong>the</strong> report and its findings. Holocaust Education in Romania One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most basic reasons for <strong>the</strong> creation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Commission</strong> has been <strong>the</strong> need for correcting and supplementing what is currently known about <strong>the</strong> Holocaust in Romania. The long-term success <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Commission</strong> will, in no small measure, be judged by its impact on <strong>the</strong> teaching <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Holocaust to present and future Romanian students. Review and Preparation <strong>of</strong> Textbooks Many Romanian textbooks currently in use that do refer to <strong>the</strong> Holocaust present incomplete or even factually incorrect information. The <strong>Commission</strong> recommends that <strong>the</strong> Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education create a working group, in cooperation with experts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Commission</strong> and appropriate international institutions, with <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> reviewing, correcting, revising, and drafting appropriate curricula and textbook material on <strong>the</strong> Holocaust based on <strong>the</strong> findings <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Commission</strong>’s report, with <strong>the</strong> goal <strong>of</strong> completing this work as soon as possible but no later than June 2006. In doing so, consideration should also be given to describing <strong>the</strong> historical experience <strong>of</strong> Jews and Roma in Romania prior to <strong>the</strong>ir persecution during <strong>the</strong> Holocaust. <strong>Commission</strong> Publication <strong>of</strong> Material Inserts In order to ensure that <strong>the</strong> findings <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Commission</strong> are quickly integrated into school curricula, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Commission</strong> should prepare its own (age-specific) materials as a free-standing insert for primary and
secondary school use. Those institutions with experience in teacher training (e.g., Yad Vashem and <strong>the</strong> United States Holocaust Memorial Museum) should be asked to assist in providing <strong>the</strong> necessary instruction to Romanian teachers on how to use this new material. Higher Education Universities and <strong>the</strong> Romanian Academy should be called on to organize conferences and symposia on <strong>the</strong> Holocaust in Romania. Colleges and universities should be encouraged to establish courses on <strong>the</strong> subject, not only for <strong>the</strong>ir students but also for pr<strong>of</strong>essional, cultural, and public opinion leaders in <strong>the</strong> country. In so doing, <strong>the</strong>y should address <strong>the</strong> long tradition <strong>of</strong> antisemitism in intellectual circles, which provided a foundation for <strong>the</strong> Holocaust and current negationist trends. Teacher-Training and Resource Sharing The Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education should commit itself to <strong>the</strong> long-term training <strong>of</strong> teachers qualified to teach about <strong>the</strong> Holocaust. Several national initiatives in <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> Holocaust education and remembrance are already underway. These include a one-week course <strong>of</strong>fered by <strong>the</strong> National Defense College, <strong>the</strong> participation <strong>of</strong> master teachers in Yad Vashem seminars, and <strong>the</strong> Romanian application for membership in <strong>the</strong> <strong>International</strong> Task Force on Holocaust Education, Remembrance and Research. These initiatives should be commended and supported. Consideration should be given to <strong>the</strong> creation <strong>of</strong> a national network that would aid in <strong>the</strong> distribution and sharing <strong>of</strong> materials and resources for teaching <strong>the</strong> Holocaust. Commemoration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Holocaust Government Observance <strong>of</strong> Holocaust Remembrance Day The government <strong>of</strong> Romania has adopted October 9 as <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficial date <strong>of</strong> Holocaust commemoration. The <strong>Commission</strong> calls on <strong>the</strong> President and government to mark this date in several appropriate ways, including proclamations by <strong>the</strong> President and <strong>the</strong> Prime Minister, convening a special session <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Parliament, a public display <strong>of</strong> mourning, such as draping <strong>of</strong>ficial flags in black and a having a national moment <strong>of</strong> silence, and organizing seminars and discussions in <strong>the</strong> media and at universities and o<strong>the</strong>r public institutions. Educational Programs to Mark Remembrance Day The Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education and schools throughout Romania should organize special programs and assemblies to mark <strong>the</strong> commemoration date. Consideration should be given to holding essay contests, inviting Holocaust survivors to speak <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir experiences, and o<strong>the</strong>r means <strong>of</strong> engaging students’ interest. O<strong>the</strong>r Commemorative Events Religious leaders should be encouraged to observe Holocaust Remembrance Day through an interfaith ceremony and service. Additional efforts should be made to engage religious leaders and <strong>the</strong>ological students in <strong>the</strong> subject, so that <strong>the</strong>y can include <strong>the</strong> Holocaust in <strong>the</strong>ir studies and <strong>the</strong>ir sermons. [Note: When October 9 falls on a weekend, <strong>the</strong> proposed programs for schools, Parliament, and o<strong>the</strong>r institutions should be scheduled on a nearby weekday.] Holocaust Memorials and Exhibitions A national memorial to <strong>the</strong> victims <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Holocaust in Romania should be erected on public property in Bucharest. Additionally, <strong>the</strong>re are several mass graves <strong>of</strong> Holocaust victims on Romanian territory (most notably victims <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Iasi pogrom), and <strong>the</strong>y should be properly identified and maintained by <strong>the</strong>
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Final Repo
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Germany’s war against the
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which includes reputed experts led
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BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
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against which antisemites in <stron
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declaring in the p
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them. Thus, he con
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We must organize ourselves for a wa
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ureaucracy of wart
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this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
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promising leader of</strong
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organized a tariff and tax strike.
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Legion of
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less so in Romanian society as a wh
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This ambiguous, self-contradictory
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The Gigurtu government began to con
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The Case of Român
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Cuza’s argument that it is possib
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Românesc,” Sociologie Româneasc
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ole in the early 1
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European states, notably Romania an
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Germany's immediate interests at <s
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eligious communities, the</
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counterpart, “when [he] first met
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de Istorie şi Arheologie, “A. D.
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Romania. Muler to Luthe</st
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demands on territorial revisions an
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military mission to come to Romania
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High Command, informing the
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The Jews and the R
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Romanian army. Thus, in Ciudei in <
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antisemitism in Romanian society an
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Ibid., fond Micro-films, roll I.II,
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manifestations of
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power, as this power colonized West
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attraction, many Jews resettled in
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to defend itself; hence its support
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about the Holocaus
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Nichifor Crainic, “Dupa douazeci
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Isaia Tolan, “Revizuirea incetate
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X. Y. Z., “Rezolvarea problemei e
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andom searches and arrests, robberi
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Bucharest Prefectura. Almost two th
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epression was not ordered by Antone
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from villages and small towns. On J
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accident; it was contrived by <stro
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The second train to leave Iasi for
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care of th
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"premilitary," were also placed at
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according to the o
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Tighina Agreement On August 30, Tra
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elieved Transnistria would be occup
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the 331,000 Ukrain
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those inside to take the</s
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[longer] move.” After several wee
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eappear a few seconds later and sig
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operation and that “some
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Bukovina and Bessarabia. Einsatzkom
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other things, <str
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Berezovka district and burn <strong
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them in exchange f
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transport of 2,000
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Bulgarian, Turkish, Italian, or Swi
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were at least 122,000 Jews. Bukovin
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Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: T
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Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136,
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Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
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Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblast
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Cable from the Mil
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1-1087, p. 114; list of</st
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Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
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child’s birth, would be considere
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Indeed, the system
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Romanianization instead of<
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The Cultural Ghettoization
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The Status of Jewi
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give up any radios able to send and
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Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
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L.A., no. 99, p. 344. Trei ani de g
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moral, social, and intellectual nee
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gradually, in reality the</
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except being defined as a Jew. I be
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egulate and authorize, under <stron
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y Lecca: Jews were privileged, and
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through the activi
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oth as a cry of re
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After coming to power, the<
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and then to send <
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their non-evacuate
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villages of <stron
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Return of Roma Sur
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(in many cases, the</strong
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in Romania. History and Contemporar
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THE ROLE OF ION ANTONESCU IN THE PL
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December 16, 1941, meeting
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me from carrying out the</s
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did not do it because…the
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more ironically, this leader’s wa
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THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
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Others 22 968 Magy
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ultimatum but also consented to <st
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military, political, and psychologi
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command over the g
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Huedin. The Jews of</strong
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authorities set up two ghettos in <
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Secuilor counties was carried out i
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the procedure foll
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deportation trains per day. While E
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Deportation Trains from Nor
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Câtcău Kackó Ciuc Csík Ciucea C
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Rona de Sus Felsöróna Rozavica Ro
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Bözödújfalu Bezidu Nou Budfalva
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Nagysajó Şieu (Bistrita-Nasaud Co
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(Indictment of Naz
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Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
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perceived by a significant part <st
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Romanian government not to adopt <s
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still alive in the
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the Jews who worke
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We have been informed that various
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church bells announce the</
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Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
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Pozdnyakova, Yefrosiniya Starostina
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Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
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the examined cases
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escape with negligible punishment;
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immense scale, enslaved millions <s
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means. The “ethnic Christian stat
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it is evident that the</str
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Page 261 and 262: viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
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Page 267 and 268: camp in January 1945, for several m
Page 269 and 270: Beginning in the 1
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Page 283 and 284: Finally, it must b
Page 285 and 286: A.) Integral Negationism Although <
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Page 289 and 290: mankind, such as wars; the<
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Page 293 and 294: After deploring the</strong
Page 295 and 296: Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
Page 297 and 298: See, for example, Giurescu who make
Page 299 and 300: Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
Page 301 and 302: Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
Page 303 and 304: See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
Page 305 and 306: Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
Page 307 and 308: egained from the U
Page 309: was a record of an
Page 313: including erecting statues, mountin
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