Final Report of the International Commission on the - Minority Rights ...

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Der Prozess gegen die Hauptkriegsverbrecher vor dem <strong>International</strong>en Militärgerichtsh<strong>of</strong> Nürnberg (Nuremberg, 1947), vol. 14, doc. 218-PS, p. 302. DGFP, Series D, Vol. 12, Doc. 614, p. 105. Paul K. Schmidt, Hitler's Interpreter (New York: Macmillan, 1951), p.206. See footnote no.25. Jean Ancel, “The Romanian Way <strong>of</strong> Solving <strong>the</strong> ‘Jewish Question’ in Bessarabia and Bukovina, June- July 1941,” Yad Vashem Studies 19 (1988): pp. 187-232. Ancel, Documents, vol. 6, doc. 1, p. 1. The Process <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war criminals in front <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Military Court from Nuremberg under control <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legal Council no.40 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1951), vol.10, pp.990-994. (special instructions given by <strong>the</strong> High Commandment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Wehrmacht for Barbarossa Operation, from May 19, 1941, included also “guidance for military operations in Russia”. Cable from Gen. Rişanu to Gen. Antonescu, July 18, 1941. Arhivele Statului (State archives), fond Preşedenţia Consiliului de Miniştri, Cabinet, Dosar 89/1941, p.16. Recent discoveries from Romanian archives confirm that <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Romanian Jews sent across <strong>the</strong> Dniester by <strong>the</strong> Romanian Army was more than 30.000. See <strong>the</strong> SSI <strong>Report</strong> about <strong>the</strong> 30.000 Jews from Hotin, Basarabia and Bucovina sent across <strong>the</strong> Dniester, August 18, 1941, National Archives, Presidency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers, Antonescu’s Cabinet, file 76/1941, p.86. (Copy in USHMM, RG 25002M, rel.17). On August 27, <strong>the</strong> Police Headquarters raported that <strong>the</strong> German army sent back in Bessarabia 12.600 Jews in two convoys; <strong>the</strong>y were interned in <strong>the</strong> Vertujeni Camp; Ibid., p.91. About 20.000 Jews were killed. Letter to <strong>the</strong> Foreign, August 16, 1941, DGFP, vol.13, doc.207, pp.318-319. Lya Benjamin, ed., Problema evreiască în stenogramele Consiliului de Miniştri… (The Jewish problem in transcripts <strong>of</strong> Cabinet sessions) (Bucureşti: Edutura Hasefer, 1966), doc.99, p.265. Matatias Carp, Cartea neagră (The Black Book) (Bucharest: Socec, 1948), vol.2: p.43. (Testimony <strong>of</strong> Eugen Cristescu, former head <strong>of</strong> SSI.) NO-2851, NO-2952, NOKW-3233. NO-2651, NO-2934, NO-2939, NO-2949, NO-2950. Tighina Agreement, concluded between General Arthur Hauffe and Gen. Nicolae Tătăranu, August 30, 1941. Nuremberg Documents, PS-3319. Romanian version: Ancel, Documents, vol. 9: no. 83, pp. 188-191. For German version, see Ancel, Documents, vol. 5: no. 62, pp. 59-63. Lu<strong>the</strong>r to Killinger, August 27, 1941. Nuremberg Documents, NG-4962. Ancel, Documents, vol. 5: Doc. 3, pp. 3-6. Goebbels, Tagebücher, pp. 1659-1660. Richter’s notes on his meeting with Mihai Antonescu, January 23, 1942. Ancel, Documents, III, no. 311, pp. 494-495. Procesul marei trădări naţionale (Treason trial) (Bucureşti, 1946), pp. 34-35. Transcript <strong>of</strong> interrogation <strong>of</strong> Radu Lecca at Securitate in Bucharest, July 8, 1953. Interior Ministry Archives, file 40010, vol. 123, p. 82. G. Richter, “Jüdische Fata Morgana,” Bukarester Tageblatt, April 26, 1942; copy: Ancel, Documents, III, no. 360, p. 588. Cable from Ambassador Killinger to <strong>the</strong> Foreign Ministry in Berlin concerning Richter’s success in breaking up <strong>the</strong> Zionist movement and transferring its property to <strong>the</strong> Judenrat, August 8, 1942. Ibid., IV, no. 53, p. 98. Jean Ancel, “Plans for Deportation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rumanian Jews and Their Discontinuation in Light <strong>of</strong> Documentary Evidence (July-October 1942)” in Yad Vashem Studies 16 (1984): pp. 381-420. According to <strong>the</strong> April 1942 census <strong>of</strong> “residents <strong>of</strong> Jewish blood,” <strong>the</strong>re were 295.604 Jews in
Romania. Muler to Lu<strong>the</strong>r, July 26, 1942, Ancel, Documents, vol.4, doc.41, p.78; Lu<strong>the</strong>r to Chief <strong>of</strong> Security Police and <strong>the</strong> SD, Ibid., doc.104-105. Minutes <strong>of</strong> Eichmann's pre-trial interrogation by <strong>the</strong> Israeli Police (Referred to hereafter as Eichmann, Interrogation), Yad Vashem Archives, Police d'Israel. Adolf Eichmann, pp. 1768-71. Eichmann admitted that Sonderbehandlung (“Special Treatment”), <strong>the</strong> term used by Muller, meant killing. Rintelen to Lu<strong>the</strong>r, August 19, 1942, Ancel, Documents, vol.4, doc.65, p.120. With respect to Richter and Lecca’s plan, see original and English translation, above, Ancel, vol.III, 391-398, 406-415. Ibid, p.167. Bukarester Tageblatt, October 11, 1942. See also Ancel, Documents, vol.IV, doc.151, pp.297-298. Ancel, Documents, vol.IV, doc.152, p.302. Killinger to Foreign Ministry, Berlin, November 26, 1942, Ancel, Vol.IV, doc.186, p.365. Memo <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Romanian government concerning <strong>the</strong> anti-jewish measures initiated by Romania from 1938 to March 26, 1943, Ibid., doc.285, p.524. Andreas Hillgruber, ed., Staatsmänner und Diplomaten bei Hitler (Frankfurt am Main: Graefe Verlag für Wehrwesen, 1970), p.233. The conversation with Ribbentrop took place in Salzburg on April 14, 1943. On October 8, 1942, Mihai Antonescu told von Killinger: “Marshal Antonescu's opinion is that at present <strong>the</strong> situation is too delicate to allow forceful action with regard to <strong>the</strong> Jews.” U.S. National Archives (NARA), RG 220, Records <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Office <strong>of</strong> Strategic Services (OSS). Von Killinger cabled <strong>the</strong> Gennan Foreign Office (December 12, 1942) that <strong>the</strong> Marshal “refused to give his consent to <strong>the</strong> radical solution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jewish problem since he has in <strong>the</strong> meanwhile learned that <strong>the</strong> Jews were not Bolsheviks.” Ancel, Documents. vol.4: doc.203, p.399. THE JUNE/JULY 1940 ROMANIAN WITHDRAWAL FROM BESSARABIA AND NORTHERN BUKOVINA AND ITS CONSEQUENCES ON INTERETHNIC RELATIONS IN ROMANIA Introduction Long after <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Second World War, <strong>the</strong> summer 1940 annexation <strong>of</strong> Bessarabia, Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Bukovina and <strong>the</strong> county <strong>of</strong> Herţa by <strong>the</strong> Soviet Union constituted a taboo subject in Romanian historiography. Gradually, however, as Romania loosened its relations with Moscow, studies began to be published on this topic, along with research on interwar Romania. As a result <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> studies on Bessarabia and Bukovina, Romania became <strong>the</strong> only country from <strong>the</strong> former Soviet Bloc where research was published on <strong>the</strong> Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact. This matter, however, was largely subordinated to <strong>the</strong> problematic relationship between Romania and <strong>the</strong> Soviet Union. When bilateral relations deteriorated, references would appear to <strong>the</strong> June 1940 Soviet ultimatum forcing Romania to relinquish sovereignty over <strong>the</strong> two provinces. When relations improved, communist Romanian propaganda avoided talk about <strong>the</strong> ultimatum. Due to <strong>the</strong>se vacillations, until 1989, <strong>the</strong> best studies <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> annexation <strong>of</strong> Bessarabia, Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Bukovina, and <strong>the</strong> county <strong>of</strong> Herţa were written abroad. After 1989, this omission <strong>of</strong> Romanian historiography was partly rectified. From this point onward, <strong>the</strong> subject began to be tackled in both general and specialized research <strong>of</strong> varying scholarly quality. At <strong>the</strong> same time, a series <strong>of</strong> documents
Page 1 and 2: Final Repo
Page 3 and 4: Germany’s war against the
Page 5 and 6: which includes reputed experts led
Page 7 and 8: BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
Page 9 and 10: against which antisemites in <stron
Page 11 and 12: declaring in the p
Page 13 and 14: them. Thus, he con
Page 15 and 16: We must organize ourselves for a wa
Page 17 and 18: ureaucracy of wart
Page 19 and 20: this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
Page 21 and 22: promising leader of</strong
Page 23 and 24: organized a tariff and tax strike.
Page 25 and 26: Legion of
Page 27 and 28: less so in Romanian society as a wh
Page 29 and 30: This ambiguous, self-contradictory
Page 31 and 32: The Gigurtu government began to con
Page 33 and 34: The Case of Român
Page 35 and 36: Cuza’s argument that it is possib
Page 37 and 38: Românesc,” Sociologie Româneasc
Page 39 and 40: ole in the early 1
Page 41 and 42: European states, notably Romania an
Page 43 and 44: Germany's immediate interests at <s
Page 45 and 46: eligious communities, the</
Page 47 and 48: counterpart, “when [he] first met
Page 49: de Istorie şi Arheologie, “A. D.
Page 53 and 54: demands on territorial revisions an
Page 55 and 56: military mission to come to Romania
Page 57 and 58: High Command, informing the
Page 59 and 60: The Jews and the R
Page 61 and 62: Romanian army. Thus, in Ciudei in <
Page 63 and 64: antisemitism in Romanian society an
Page 65 and 66: Ibid., fond Micro-films, roll I.II,
Page 67 and 68: manifestations of
Page 69 and 70: power, as this power colonized West
Page 71 and 72: attraction, many Jews resettled in
Page 73 and 74: to defend itself; hence its support
Page 75 and 76: about the Holocaus
Page 77 and 78: Nichifor Crainic, “Dupa douazeci
Page 79 and 80: Isaia Tolan, “Revizuirea incetate
Page 81 and 82: X. Y. Z., “Rezolvarea problemei e
Page 83 and 84: andom searches and arrests, robberi
Page 85 and 86: Bucharest Prefectura. Almost two th
Page 87 and 88: epression was not ordered by Antone
Page 89 and 90: from villages and small towns. On J
Page 91 and 92: accident; it was contrived by <stro
Page 93 and 94: The second train to leave Iasi for
Page 95 and 96: care of th
Page 97 and 98: "premilitary," were also placed at
Page 99 and 100: according to the o
Page 101 and 102:
Tighina Agreement On August 30, Tra
Page 103 and 104:
elieved Transnistria would be occup
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the 331,000 Ukrain
Page 107 and 108:
those inside to take the</s
Page 109 and 110:
[longer] move.” After several wee
Page 111 and 112:
eappear a few seconds later and sig
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operation and that “some
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Bukovina and Bessarabia. Einsatzkom
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other things, <str
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Berezovka district and burn <strong
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them in exchange f
Page 123 and 124:
transport of 2,000
Page 125 and 126:
Bulgarian, Turkish, Italian, or Swi
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were at least 122,000 Jews. Bukovin
Page 129 and 130:
Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: T
Page 131 and 132:
Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136,
Page 133 and 134:
Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
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Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblast
Page 137 and 138:
Cable from the Mil
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1-1087, p. 114; list of</st
Page 141 and 142:
Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
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child’s birth, would be considere
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Indeed, the system
Page 147 and 148:
Romanianization instead of<
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The Cultural Ghettoization
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The Status of Jewi
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give up any radios able to send and
Page 155 and 156:
Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
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L.A., no. 99, p. 344. Trei ani de g
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moral, social, and intellectual nee
Page 161 and 162:
gradually, in reality the</
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except being defined as a Jew. I be
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egulate and authorize, under <stron
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y Lecca: Jews were privileged, and
Page 169 and 170:
through the activi
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oth as a cry of re
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After coming to power, the<
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and then to send <
Page 177 and 178:
their non-evacuate
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villages of <stron
Page 181 and 182:
Return of Roma Sur
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(in many cases, the</strong
Page 185 and 186:
in Romania. History and Contemporar
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THE ROLE OF ION ANTONESCU IN THE PL
Page 189 and 190:
December 16, 1941, meeting
Page 191 and 192:
me from carrying out the</s
Page 193 and 194:
did not do it because…the
Page 195 and 196:
more ironically, this leader’s wa
Page 197 and 198:
THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
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Others 22 968 Magy
Page 201 and 202:
ultimatum but also consented to <st
Page 203 and 204:
military, political, and psychologi
Page 205 and 206:
command over the g
Page 207 and 208:
Huedin. The Jews of</strong
Page 209 and 210:
authorities set up two ghettos in <
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Secuilor counties was carried out i
Page 213 and 214:
the procedure foll
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deportation trains per day. While E
Page 217 and 218:
Deportation Trains from Nor
Page 219 and 220:
Câtcău Kackó Ciuc Csík Ciucea C
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Rona de Sus Felsöróna Rozavica Ro
Page 223 and 224:
Bözödújfalu Bezidu Nou Budfalva
Page 225 and 226:
Nagysajó Şieu (Bistrita-Nasaud Co
Page 227 and 228:
(Indictment of Naz
Page 229 and 230:
Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
Page 231 and 232:
perceived by a significant part <st
Page 233 and 234:
Romanian government not to adopt <s
Page 235 and 236:
still alive in the
Page 237 and 238:
the Jews who worke
Page 239 and 240:
We have been informed that various
Page 241 and 242:
church bells announce the</
Page 243 and 244:
Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
Page 245 and 246:
Pozdnyakova, Yefrosiniya Starostina
Page 247 and 248:
Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
Page 249 and 250:
the examined cases
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escape with negligible punishment;
Page 253 and 254:
immense scale, enslaved millions <s
Page 255 and 256:
means. The “ethnic Christian stat
Page 257 and 258:
it is evident that the</str
Page 259 and 260:
face să pară evident că victimel
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viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
Page 263 and 264:
Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
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members accepted as authoritative s
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camp in January 1945, for several m
Page 269 and 270:
Beginning in the 1
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such access was strictly supervised
Page 273 and 274:
enefit from translation into Englis
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furthermore, he ha
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lucrative Jewish business ever,”
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deaths of thousand
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Treptow who was residing in Romania
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Finally, it must b
Page 285 and 286:
A.) Integral Negationism Although <
Page 287 and 288:
other genocides re
Page 289 and 290:
mankind, such as wars; the<
Page 291 and 292:
age of 44, only on
Page 293 and 294:
After deploring the</strong
Page 295 and 296:
Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
Page 297 and 298:
See, for example, Giurescu who make
Page 299 and 300:
Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
Page 301 and 302:
Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
Page 303 and 304:
See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
Page 305 and 306:
Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
Page 307 and 308:
egained from the U
Page 309 and 310:
was a record of an
Page 311 and 312:
secondary school use. Those institu
Page 313:
including erecting statues, mountin
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