Final Report of the International Commission on the - Minority Rights ...

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Iaşi, p.35; Marea conflagraţie, p.122. România în război, p.313 ff; Istoria militară, pp.361, 367, 374. Garda de Fier, passim; Contribuţii, p.23 ff., 69 ff.; Iaşi, p.73, 75, 89; Marea conflagraţie, passim. România în război, p.315. Iaşi, pp.20, 24 ff; see also p.39, passim. Iaşi, p.20. “In order to fully comprehend what <strong>the</strong> salvation <strong>of</strong> a massive (some 350,000) population from an apparently ineluctable destruction really meant, one must take into consideration <strong>the</strong> context <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> timers and <strong>the</strong> Hitlerite’s exterminatory obsessions.” Contribuţii, p.16. România în război, 295-306; citation on p.297. Mihai Fătu, Mircea Muşat (coord), Teroarea horthysto-fascistă în nord-vestul României (septembrie 1940-octombrie 1944), Editura politică, Bucharest, 1985 şi Horthyst-Fascist Terror in Northwestern Romania. September 1940-October 1944, (Meridiane Publishing House, Bucharest), 1986. Remarkable among <strong>the</strong>m is <strong>the</strong> popularized history journal “Magazin istoric,” launched in 1967 with support from <strong>the</strong> Institute for Historical and Social and Historical Studies affiliated to <strong>the</strong> PCR’s Central Committee. This institute replaced <strong>the</strong> former Institute <strong>of</strong> [Communist] Party History. See, for example, “Remember. 40 de ani de la masacrarea evreilor din Ardealul de Nord sub ocupaţia horthystă,” (Federaţia Comunităţilor evreieşti din România, Bucharest), 1985. For example, Oliver Lustig, Jurnal însângerat, Editura Militară, Bucharest, 1987, translated into English as Blood-Bespotted Diary, (Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, Bucharest), 1988. As <strong>of</strong> June 1986, Moses Rosen received permission to commemorate <strong>the</strong> Iaşi pogrom within <strong>the</strong> Federation <strong>of</strong> Romanian Jewish Communities (FCER). However, information on <strong>the</strong> commemorations would be allowed to appear in print only in <strong>the</strong> FCER publication Revista cultului mozaic, whose distribution in Romania itself was very small, but which benefited from a large distribution abroad. The publication had English and Hebrew summaries, thus managing to create outside Romania a cosmeticized image <strong>of</strong> how <strong>the</strong> Holocaust was being treated under Ceausescu’s regime. Oliver Lusig managed to slip into an article published in 1986 one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rare references to Antonescu’s responsibility for “<strong>the</strong> death <strong>of</strong> between 70,000-80,000 Jews in Transnistria,”but <strong>the</strong> article in which he did that could easily be considered as belonging to <strong>the</strong> category <strong>of</strong> selective negationism. See “Excepţie?… Da, a fost o excepţie,” România literară, 7.11.1986. Compare Nicolae Ceauşescu, Istoria poporului român. Texte selectate, Editura militară, Bucharest, 1988, pp. 337-608; Împotriva fascismului. Sesiunea ştiinţifică privind analiza critică şi demascarea fascismului în România, Bucharest, March 4-5, 1971, Editura politică, Bucharest, 1971; Comitetul antifascist român, Editura politică, Bucharest, 1985 etc. Vlad Georgescu, “Politics, History and Nationalism: The Origins <strong>of</strong> Romania’s Socialist Personality Cult,” in Joseph Held (ed.), The Cult <strong>of</strong> Power. Dictatorship in <strong>the</strong> Twentieth Century, East European Monographs, Boulder, 1983, pp. 129-142; Michael Shafir, Romania: Politics, Economics and Society. Political Stagnation and Simulated Change, Frances Pinter, London, 1985. For example, see Contribuţii, p.15 ff. Michael Shafir, “The Men <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Archangel Revisited: Antisemitic Formations among Communist Romania’s Intellectuals,” Studies in Comparative Communism, vol.XVI, no.3, Fall 1983, pp.223-243. B. Wasserstein, op.cit., p.163. Dennis Deletant, Ceauşescu şi Securitatea. Constrângere şi disidenţă în România anilor 1965-1989, Humanitas, Bucharest, pp.200-205. Victor Eskenasy, loc.cit., p.187, 191. Ibid., passim.
Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nationalists and <strong>the</strong> Holocaust: The Political Exploitation <strong>of</strong> Unfounded Rescue Accounts, Columbia University Press, New York, 1998, p.49 ff; Victor Eskenasy, loc.cit., p.184 ff.; Dennis Deletant, op.cit., p.185 ff.; Liviu Rotman, loc.cit., p.209 ff. For example, Marin Preda, Delirul, Editura Cartea românească, Bucharest, 1975. Iosif Constantin Drăgan (ed.), Antonescu. Mareşalul României şi răsboaiele de reîntregire, vol. I-IV, Editura Nagard, Veneţia, 1986-1990. Victor Eskenassy, “Istoriografii şi istoricii pro şi contra mitului Antonescu,” în Exterminarea evreilor români şi ucraineni în perioada antonesciană, Randolph L. Braham (ed.),Hasefer, Bucharest, 2002, pp.313-346; Michael Shafir, “Reabilitarea postcomunistă a mareşalului Ion Antonescu: Cui bono?,” in Randolph L. Braham (ed.), op.cit., pp.400-465. Monitorul <strong>of</strong>icial al României, no.132, May 31, 1991; Michael Shafir, “Marschall Ion Antonescu: Politik der Rehabilitierung,” Europaische Rundschau, vol. 22, no. 2, 1994, 55-71, reference at page 59 ; William Totok, Der Revisionistische Diskurs, Konstanz, Hartung-Gorre Verlag, 2000, p. 91. Mediafax, June 14, 1999. Michael Shafir, Reabilitarea postcomunistă a mareşalului Ion Antonescu, loc. cit., p. 410-413; Randolph L. Braham, supra., p. 68. România Liberă, June 22, 1990. Ziua, August 12, 1995. In order to boost credibility, <strong>the</strong> negationists <strong>of</strong>ten refer to “demonstrations” by “scholars,” “scientists” and “authoritative specialists” who ei<strong>the</strong>r remain anonymous or prove at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> day to have acquired notoriety precisely because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir negationist postures. Often enough, <strong>the</strong> negationists parade scientific rigor by making use <strong>of</strong> footnotes, bibliographies, documentary annexes, indexes, citations from documents or from <strong>the</strong> works <strong>of</strong> established historians. România mare, March 4, 1994. Europa, a weekly launched in May 1991 is no longer in print. Lipstadt, Denying <strong>the</strong> Holocaust, op. cit, p. 11. Radu Theodoru, “Lumea, România şi evreii,” Europa, no. 189, May 3-17, pp. 1, 11. Ibid., România ca o pradă, Editura Alma, Oradea, 1997 and Editura Miracol, Bucharest, 2000. Radu Theodoru, Nazismul sionist, Editura Miracol, Bucharest, 2000, pp. 23-24. Author’s emphasis. Interview with William Totok, November 2, 1990. Fragments <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> interview were broadcast on Totok’s radio show , “Rumäne erwache! Nationalistische Tendenzen im postkommunistischen Rumänien,” RIAS-Berlin, February 5, 1991. See Shafir, Între negare şi trivializare prin comparaţie, op. cit., pp. 72, 110. România mare, January 7, 1994. Iosif Constantin Drăgan, Europa Phoenix (vol. 3 in a 4-volume memoir whose joint title is Through Europe), Editura Europa Nova, Bucharest, 1977, pp. 562-563. Author’s emphasis. Maria Covaci, “Un adevăr restituit istoriei,” Europa, no. 34, July 1991. A.Kareţki, “A existat un întreg popor solidar cu suferinţa evreilor,” Europa, no. 26, July 1991. Mircea Muşat, 1940: Drama României Mari, Editura Fundaţiei România Mare, Bucharest, 1992, p. 217. România mare, no. 302, 1996 and 356, 1997, cited in Andrei Oişteanu, Imaginea evreului în cultura română: Studiu de imagologie în context est-central european, 2nd ed., Humanitas, Bucharest, 2004, p. 366-367. George Voicu, Zeii cei răi. Cultura conspiraţiei în România postcomunistă, Polirom, Iaşi, 2000. Radu Theodoru, România ca o pradă, 1997, op. cit., p. 9. Ioan Buduca, “Care-i buba?” România literară, no. 15, April 22-28, 1998.
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Final Repo
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Germany’s war against the
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which includes reputed experts led
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BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
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against which antisemites in <stron
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declaring in the p
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them. Thus, he con
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We must organize ourselves for a wa
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ureaucracy of wart
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this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
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promising leader of</strong
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organized a tariff and tax strike.
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Legion of
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less so in Romanian society as a wh
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This ambiguous, self-contradictory
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The Gigurtu government began to con
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The Case of Român
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Cuza’s argument that it is possib
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Românesc,” Sociologie Româneasc
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ole in the early 1
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European states, notably Romania an
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Germany's immediate interests at <s
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eligious communities, the</
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counterpart, “when [he] first met
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de Istorie şi Arheologie, “A. D.
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Romania. Muler to Luthe</st
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demands on territorial revisions an
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military mission to come to Romania
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High Command, informing the
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The Jews and the R
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Romanian army. Thus, in Ciudei in <
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antisemitism in Romanian society an
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Ibid., fond Micro-films, roll I.II,
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manifestations of
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power, as this power colonized West
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attraction, many Jews resettled in
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to defend itself; hence its support
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about the Holocaus
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Nichifor Crainic, “Dupa douazeci
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Isaia Tolan, “Revizuirea incetate
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X. Y. Z., “Rezolvarea problemei e
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andom searches and arrests, robberi
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Bucharest Prefectura. Almost two th
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epression was not ordered by Antone
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from villages and small towns. On J
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accident; it was contrived by <stro
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The second train to leave Iasi for
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care of th
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"premilitary," were also placed at
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according to the o
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Tighina Agreement On August 30, Tra
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elieved Transnistria would be occup
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the 331,000 Ukrain
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those inside to take the</s
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[longer] move.” After several wee
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eappear a few seconds later and sig
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operation and that “some
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Bukovina and Bessarabia. Einsatzkom
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other things, <str
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Berezovka district and burn <strong
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them in exchange f
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transport of 2,000
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Bulgarian, Turkish, Italian, or Swi
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were at least 122,000 Jews. Bukovin
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Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: T
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Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136,
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Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
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Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblast
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Cable from the Mil
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1-1087, p. 114; list of</st
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Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
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child’s birth, would be considere
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Indeed, the system
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Romanianization instead of<
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The Cultural Ghettoization
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The Status of Jewi
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give up any radios able to send and
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Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
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L.A., no. 99, p. 344. Trei ani de g
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moral, social, and intellectual nee
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gradually, in reality the</
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except being defined as a Jew. I be
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egulate and authorize, under <stron
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y Lecca: Jews were privileged, and
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through the activi
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oth as a cry of re
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After coming to power, the<
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and then to send <
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their non-evacuate
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villages of <stron
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Return of Roma Sur
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(in many cases, the</strong
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in Romania. History and Contemporar
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THE ROLE OF ION ANTONESCU IN THE PL
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December 16, 1941, meeting
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me from carrying out the</s
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did not do it because…the
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more ironically, this leader’s wa
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THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
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Others 22 968 Magy
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ultimatum but also consented to <st
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military, political, and psychologi
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command over the g
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Huedin. The Jews of</strong
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authorities set up two ghettos in <
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Secuilor counties was carried out i
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the procedure foll
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deportation trains per day. While E
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Deportation Trains from Nor
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Câtcău Kackó Ciuc Csík Ciucea C
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Rona de Sus Felsöróna Rozavica Ro
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Bözödújfalu Bezidu Nou Budfalva
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Nagysajó Şieu (Bistrita-Nasaud Co
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(Indictment of Naz
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Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
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perceived by a significant part <st
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Romanian government not to adopt <s
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still alive in the
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the Jews who worke
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We have been informed that various
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church bells announce the</
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Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
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Pozdnyakova, Yefrosiniya Starostina
Page 247 and 248: Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
Page 249 and 250: the examined cases
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Page 255 and 256: means. The “ethnic Christian stat
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Page 261 and 262: viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
Page 263 and 264: Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
Page 265 and 266: members accepted as authoritative s
Page 267 and 268: camp in January 1945, for several m
Page 269 and 270: Beginning in the 1
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Page 277 and 278: lucrative Jewish business ever,”
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Page 283 and 284: Finally, it must b
Page 285 and 286: A.) Integral Negationism Although <
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Page 289 and 290: mankind, such as wars; the<
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Page 293 and 294: After deploring the</strong
Page 295 and 296: Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
Page 297: See, for example, Giurescu who make
Page 301 and 302: Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
Page 303 and 304: See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
Page 305 and 306: Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
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Page 309 and 310: was a record of an
Page 311 and 312: secondary school use. Those institu
Page 313: including erecting statues, mountin
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