Final Report of the International Commission on the - Minority Rights ...

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(hereafter: Dragan) See Goga’s speech and political program, Timpul, January 2, 1938. Nichifor Crainic, Programul Statului Etnocratic, Colectia Nationalista (Bucharest: Colectia Nationalista, 1938), pp. 3-5, p. 12. See Crainic’s statement to <strong>the</strong> press: Timpul, January 4, 1941. Porunca Vremii, March 7, 1941. Timpul, February 20, 1941. Timpul, September 30, 1940. Filderman, Draft <strong>of</strong> Memoirs, Yad Vashem Archive, P-6/58, p. 151. Invierea, April 27, 1941. Instructions on <strong>the</strong> Decree 3984 <strong>of</strong> December 5, 1940, Monitorul Oficial 113 (July 14, 1941), pp. 5-8. Ancel, Documents, vol. 4: no. 21, p. 251. For an extended description see Ancel, Documents, vol. 3; Carp, vol. 1: pp. 190-197. For a description <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> scope and form <strong>of</strong> corruption practices in <strong>the</strong> exemption system see <strong>the</strong> memoirs <strong>of</strong> Radu Lecca himself: Radu Lecca, Eu i-am salvat pe evreii din Romania (I Saved Romanian Jews) (Bucharest: Roza Vanturilor), pp. 181-181. Government press release, Universul, November 24, 1941. Instructiuni generale ala M.St.M., no. 55500 , June 27, 1942; Ancel. Documents, vol. 4: no. 21, pp. 32-44. Note <strong>of</strong> Antonescu’s Military Cabinet, November 17, 1943, Arhivele Statului, Presedintia Consililui de ministry, colectia Cabinetul military, file 4/1943, p. 167. Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 210, p. 497. Ibid., no. 166, pp. 451-452. Summary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Government session <strong>of</strong> July 22, 1941, Archive <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ministry <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Interior, file 40010, vol. 11: p. 27. Testimony <strong>of</strong> Col. Traian Borcescu, Chief <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> SSI counterespionage Division, November 12, 1945, ibid., file 108233, vol 24: p. 122 (USHMM/RG 25004M, micr<strong>of</strong>ilm 47). Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 197, p. 492. Ancel, Documents, vol. 3: no. 368, pp. 598-611. Decree no. 3303/1941 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> General Chief <strong>of</strong> Staff, August 8, 1941, NDM, The Fourth Army Collection, file 79, p. 138. Ancel, Documents, vol. 3: no. 62, p. 115. Minutes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> September 9, 1941, government session, NDM, file 40010, vol. 77, p. 52. Telephone Communication from prefect <strong>of</strong> Iasi, Captaru, to Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior in Bucharest, June 29, 1941. Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior Archives, file 40010, vol. 89, p. 478; a copy can be found in USHMM, RG 25004M, reel 36. Lupu to Gen. Antonescu, July 25, 1941, Arhivele Statului Bucuresti, fond Presedentia, Consiliului de Ministri, file 247/41, file 10 (Romanian State Archives in Bucharest, Collection <strong>of</strong> Office <strong>of</strong> Prime Minister). “Telephone order,” June 28/29, 11:00 p.m. Investigative file in matter <strong>of</strong> Col. (res.) Constantin Lupu, 1941, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior Archives, file 108233: vol. 28, p. 183; copy in USHMM, RG 25004M, reel 48. Testimony <strong>of</strong> Col. Traian Borcescu, November 12, 1945. Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior Archives, file 108233, vol. 24: p. 122; copy in USHMM, reel 47. Ion Antonescu explicitly referred to this unwritten plan in <strong>the</strong> directives he sent from <strong>the</strong> front to Mihai Antonescu on September 5, 1941; see I. Antonescu to M. Antonescu, September 5, 1941, Archvies <strong>of</strong> Office <strong>of</strong> Prime Minister, file 167/1941, pp. 64-65. Carp, vol. 1: no. 1, p. 39.
Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136, pp. 414-415. Order to Iasi police headquarters from Sigurantza, June 27, 1941, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior Archives, file 40010, vol. 89: p. 283; copy located in: USHMM, 25004M, reel 36. Testimony <strong>of</strong> Cristescu, July 4, 1947, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior Archives, file 108233, vol. 54: p. 226; Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 2: no. 3, pp. 42-43. It is plausible that Einsatzgruppe D served as a model for this special unit; for more information on <strong>the</strong> temporary deployment <strong>of</strong> Einsatzgruppe D on Romanian territory in Bessarabia, see: Jean Ancel, “The Jassy [Iasi] Syndrome (I),” Romanian Jewish Studies 1:1 (Spring 1987): pp. 36-38. Affidavit <strong>of</strong> Col. Captaru, May 1946, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior Archives, file 108233, vol. 36: p. 46; copy in USHMM, RG 25004M reel 43. Excerpt <strong>of</strong> Iasi pogrom trial, June 26, 1946, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior Archives, file 108233, vol. 1: section 2, p. 11; copy in USHMM, RG 25004M reel 47. Testimony <strong>of</strong> Natan Goldstein, n.d. [August 1945], Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior Archives, file 108233, vol. 31: part 1, p. 62; copy located in: USHMM, RG 25004M, reel 41; Testimony <strong>of</strong> Gheorghe Leahu, October 29, 1945, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior Archives, file 108233, vol. 26; copy in: USHMM, reel 48. Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 2: no. 44, p. 110. Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 2: no. 43, p. 108. Ancel, Documents, vol. 6: no. 9, p. 35. <strong>Report</strong> on pogrom, June 30, 1941, by Stavrescu to Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior Archives, file 40010, vol. 89: pp. 475-476; copy located in: Cartea neagra, vol. 2: no. 39, p. 93. <strong>Report</strong> <strong>of</strong> Captaru to Interior Minister, June 29, 1941, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior Archives, file 40010, vol. 89: p. 482. 360 policemen ga<strong>the</strong>red in Iasi to be deployed in Chisinau and in o<strong>the</strong>r Bessarabian cities after <strong>the</strong> liberation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> province. Most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m had served in Bessarabia before 1940. Ancel, “Jassy Syndrome,” pp. 43-46. Protocol from November 13, 1941, Cabinet meeting, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior Archives, file 40010, vol. 78: p. 13; copy located in: USHMM, RG 25004M, reel 35. List <strong>of</strong> 286 civilian participants in Iasi pogrom, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior Archives, file 108233, vol. 40: pp. 115-127; copy located in: USHMM, RG 25004M, reel 43. The does not include army personnel, gendarmes, and ordinary police, nor does it identify all <strong>the</strong> criminals. See USHMM, RG 25004M, file 108233. Affidavit <strong>of</strong> Capt. Ioan Mihail, January 25, 1942, in Lupu file, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior Archives, file 108233, vol. 29: p. 221; copy in USHMM, reel 48. Mihail served as interpreter during conversation with General von Salmuth. This conclusion is based on an examination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reports <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Einsatzgruppe. See Ancel, Documents, vol. 5, and Helmut Krausnick and Hans Heinrich Wilhelm, Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges, die Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD, 1938-1942 (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags Anstalt, 1981), pp. 195-200. See also: Ancel, “Jassy Syndrome.” Letter from Himmler’s <strong>of</strong>fice to Ribbentrop, April 2, 1941, DGFP, vol. 7: no. 258, pp. 443-444. Major Plasnila to Military Court, 13 September 1941, Ministerul Afacerilor Interne, Arhiva Operativa, file 108.233, p. 344. Diary <strong>of</strong> Hirsch Zielle submitted to <strong>the</strong> people’s Court, 1944, Arhiva Ministerului de Interne, vol. 37: p. 25/USHMM, RG 25004M, reel 3. Testimony <strong>of</strong> Jean Haimovici, 1945, Arhiva Ministerului de Interne, vol. 37: p. 49/USHMM, RG 25004M reel 48. Testimony <strong>of</strong> Manase Iscovici, September 7, 1944, ibid., vol. 42: p. 403/USHMM, ibid., reel 43.
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Final Repo
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Germany’s war against the
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which includes reputed experts led
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BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
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against which antisemites in <stron
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declaring in the p
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them. Thus, he con
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We must organize ourselves for a wa
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ureaucracy of wart
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this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
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promising leader of</strong
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organized a tariff and tax strike.
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Legion of
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less so in Romanian society as a wh
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This ambiguous, self-contradictory
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The Gigurtu government began to con
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The Case of Român
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Cuza’s argument that it is possib
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Românesc,” Sociologie Româneasc
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ole in the early 1
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European states, notably Romania an
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Germany's immediate interests at <s
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eligious communities, the</
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counterpart, “when [he] first met
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de Istorie şi Arheologie, “A. D.
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Romania. Muler to Luthe</st
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demands on territorial revisions an
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military mission to come to Romania
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High Command, informing the
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The Jews and the R
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Romanian army. Thus, in Ciudei in <
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antisemitism in Romanian society an
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Ibid., fond Micro-films, roll I.II,
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manifestations of
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power, as this power colonized West
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attraction, many Jews resettled in
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to defend itself; hence its support
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about the Holocaus
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Nichifor Crainic, “Dupa douazeci
Page 79 and 80: Isaia Tolan, “Revizuirea incetate
Page 81 and 82: X. Y. Z., “Rezolvarea problemei e
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Page 85 and 86: Bucharest Prefectura. Almost two th
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Page 89 and 90: from villages and small towns. On J
Page 91 and 92: accident; it was contrived by <stro
Page 93 and 94: The second train to leave Iasi for
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Page 97 and 98: "premilitary," were also placed at
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Page 103 and 104: elieved Transnistria would be occup
Page 105 and 106: the 331,000 Ukrain
Page 107 and 108: those inside to take the</s
Page 109 and 110: [longer] move.” After several wee
Page 111 and 112: eappear a few seconds later and sig
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Page 115 and 116: Bukovina and Bessarabia. Einsatzkom
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Page 121 and 122: them in exchange f
Page 123 and 124: transport of 2,000
Page 125 and 126: Bulgarian, Turkish, Italian, or Swi
Page 127 and 128: were at least 122,000 Jews. Bukovin
Page 129: Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: T
Page 133 and 134: Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
Page 135 and 136: Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblast
Page 137 and 138: Cable from the Mil
Page 139 and 140: 1-1087, p. 114; list of</st
Page 141 and 142: Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
Page 143 and 144: child’s birth, would be considere
Page 145 and 146: Indeed, the system
Page 147 and 148: Romanianization instead of<
Page 149 and 150: The Cultural Ghettoization
Page 151 and 152: The Status of Jewi
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Page 155 and 156: Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
Page 157 and 158: L.A., no. 99, p. 344. Trei ani de g
Page 159 and 160: moral, social, and intellectual nee
Page 161 and 162: gradually, in reality the</
Page 163 and 164: except being defined as a Jew. I be
Page 165 and 166: egulate and authorize, under <stron
Page 167 and 168: y Lecca: Jews were privileged, and
Page 169 and 170: through the activi
Page 171 and 172: oth as a cry of re
Page 173 and 174: After coming to power, the<
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Page 177 and 178: their non-evacuate
Page 179 and 180: villages of <stron
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Return of Roma Sur
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(in many cases, the</strong
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in Romania. History and Contemporar
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THE ROLE OF ION ANTONESCU IN THE PL
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December 16, 1941, meeting
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me from carrying out the</s
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did not do it because…the
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more ironically, this leader’s wa
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THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
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Others 22 968 Magy
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ultimatum but also consented to <st
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military, political, and psychologi
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command over the g
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Huedin. The Jews of</strong
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authorities set up two ghettos in <
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Secuilor counties was carried out i
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the procedure foll
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deportation trains per day. While E
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Deportation Trains from Nor
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Câtcău Kackó Ciuc Csík Ciucea C
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Rona de Sus Felsöróna Rozavica Ro
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Bözödújfalu Bezidu Nou Budfalva
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Nagysajó Şieu (Bistrita-Nasaud Co
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(Indictment of Naz
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Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
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perceived by a significant part <st
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Romanian government not to adopt <s
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still alive in the
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the Jews who worke
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We have been informed that various
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church bells announce the</
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Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
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Pozdnyakova, Yefrosiniya Starostina
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Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
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the examined cases
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escape with negligible punishment;
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immense scale, enslaved millions <s
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means. The “ethnic Christian stat
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it is evident that the</str
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face să pară evident că victimel
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viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
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Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
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members accepted as authoritative s
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camp in January 1945, for several m
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Beginning in the 1
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such access was strictly supervised
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enefit from translation into Englis
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furthermore, he ha
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lucrative Jewish business ever,”
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deaths of thousand
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Treptow who was residing in Romania
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Finally, it must b
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A.) Integral Negationism Although <
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other genocides re
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mankind, such as wars; the<
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age of 44, only on
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After deploring the</strong
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Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
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See, for example, Giurescu who make
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Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
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Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
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See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
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Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
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egained from the U
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was a record of an
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secondary school use. Those institu
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including erecting statues, mountin
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