Final Report of the International Commission on the - Minority Rights ...

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view, <strong>the</strong> Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior shall only carry out <strong>the</strong> actual deportation. Deportation formalities shall be kept to a minimum, and in <strong>the</strong> case that <strong>the</strong> above-mentioned type <strong>of</strong> Judaic element is caught red-handed, his entire family shall be deported with him without trial. The Marshal wishes that <strong>the</strong> decree or resolution should be applied retroactively and that no mercy shall be shown toward <strong>the</strong>se elements. The required decree or resolution shall be presented to <strong>the</strong> Marshal no later than July 25, 1942. Chronology <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Romanianization <strong>of</strong> Jewish Urban Trade and Industrial Property 1940 October 2: Jews may not rent pharmacies (Decree-law no. 3294). November 19: Jews may not sell merchandise produced under state monopoly (Decree-law no. 3758). November 19: The Romanianization <strong>of</strong> movie production companies, movie <strong>the</strong>aters and tour operators (Decree-law no. 3850). December 3: Nationalization <strong>of</strong> all ships belonging to Jewish companies and individuals. 1941 March 1: Beginning <strong>of</strong> Romanianization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> steel trade and steel production (Decree-law no. 491). March 14: Beginning <strong>of</strong> Romanianization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lea<strong>the</strong>r trade and lea<strong>the</strong>r production (Decree-law no. 655). October 9: Nationalization <strong>of</strong> Jewish mortgage credits as well as Jewish hospitals and Jewish health centers. By August 1, 1943, <strong>the</strong> NCR had taken over 564 mortgage credits worth 180 million lei. May 2: Nationalization <strong>of</strong> bakeries, pasta factories, and equipment <strong>of</strong> cereal mills, breweries, drug factories, and mining and oil drilling companies (Decree-law no. 1120). November 28: Beginning <strong>of</strong> Romanianization <strong>of</strong> Jewish pharmacies, drug warehouses, and pharmacy <strong>of</strong>fices (Decree-law no. 3275). 1942 August 6: The town <strong>of</strong> Panciu (a center <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> brewing industry) was declared an ethnically pure Romanian city. 1943 November 10: Nationalization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mill Romania Mare in Bucharest (along with all its buildings, equipment, tools, merchandise, raw materials, and animals (Resolution no. 969 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Presidency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers). The government established <strong>the</strong> Romanian Credit Institute, an institution annexed to <strong>the</strong> Under Secretary <strong>of</strong> State for Romanianization, Colonization, and Inventory, to address <strong>the</strong> perceived urgency <strong>of</strong> Romanianization, which demanded immediate capitalization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> new owners (April 29, 1941). The Romanian National Bank (Banca Nationala a Romaniei) helped <strong>the</strong> effort with a credit <strong>of</strong> 3 billion lei. The Legionary Approach After September 1940 <strong>the</strong> Legionnaires occupied numerous Jewish factories, workshops, and stores at gunpoint. They forced <strong>the</strong> owners to sign sale contracts or mere receipts for “transfer <strong>of</strong> ownership.” Official statistical data concerning Romanian territory (except Bucharest) showed that Jewish property worth 1 billion lei was sold for 216 million lei, <strong>of</strong> which only 52 million was actually paid—and most <strong>of</strong> this money had been robbed from <strong>the</strong> Jews. In addition, <strong>the</strong> Legionnaire robberies caused damages to Jewish property amounting to 380 million lei. After <strong>the</strong> removal <strong>of</strong> Legionnaires from power in January 1941, <strong>the</strong> property abusively taken from <strong>the</strong> Jews by <strong>the</strong> Legionnaires was transferred to <strong>the</strong> Chamber <strong>of</strong> Commerce as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> process <strong>of</strong>
Romanianization instead <strong>of</strong> being restituted to its owners. The Legionnaires who could prove that <strong>the</strong>y had acquired Jewish property in accordance with <strong>the</strong> laws <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> time remained <strong>the</strong> lawful owners <strong>of</strong> that property. Romanianization through Company Closure Because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> many restrictive measures in force, most Jewish companies (15,987 out <strong>of</strong> 20,140) were shut down by <strong>the</strong>ir owners or ex <strong>of</strong>ficio by <strong>the</strong> Chamber <strong>of</strong> Commerce between September 6, 1940, and June 1, 1943. Romanianization by Consent According to data used by Mihai Antonescu, 149 Jewish businesses were sold to Romanian owners between December 1941 and July 1942. In general, <strong>the</strong> sales were disadvantageous to Jews, who had to sell thriving businesses at ruinous prices. Romanianization angered <strong>the</strong> representatives <strong>of</strong> Romania’s “historical parties,” <strong>the</strong> National Peasant Party and <strong>the</strong> National Liberal Party. In December 1940, C.I.C. Bratianu, head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National Liberal Party, wrote to Ion Antonescu, “<strong>the</strong> closing <strong>of</strong> Jewish businesses (which Romanians cannot afford to buy) and <strong>the</strong> terror spread by irresponsible youth [i.e., <strong>the</strong> Legionnaires] force many industrialists and retailers to sell <strong>the</strong>ir businesses for little money to minority shareholders subsidized from abroad or by foreign organizations. Instead <strong>of</strong> nationalization we are witnessing a de-nationalization that makes things worse in <strong>the</strong> economy. Every day I learn that companies belonging to Jews and o<strong>the</strong>r people passed to German or Siebenburgische [Transylvanian] Saxon hands.” Romanianization <strong>of</strong> Jewish Buildings in <strong>the</strong> Cities Jewish buildings in cities were nationalized by law on March 28, 1941. The measure was regarded by <strong>the</strong> Antonescu regime as a “measure to improve national security and make Romania stronger, a way to honor <strong>the</strong> old traditions <strong>of</strong> Romanian Christian nationalism and culturally unite <strong>the</strong> country with <strong>the</strong> new European celebration <strong>of</strong> national freedoms.” The declared objective <strong>of</strong> this law was to brea<strong>the</strong> a nationalist Christian spirit into state policies on private ownership. In more concrete terms, it meant <strong>the</strong> consolidation <strong>of</strong> an ethnic Romanian middle class, which <strong>the</strong> regime saw as “<strong>the</strong> foundation <strong>of</strong> an au<strong>the</strong>ntic [step toward] national state building.” Article 1 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> March 28 decree-law mandated <strong>the</strong> nationalization <strong>of</strong> all immovable property situated in urban areas belonging to Jewish companies and individuals. Article 19 prohibited Jewish individuals and companies from acquiring ownership over such property. Moreover, <strong>the</strong> decree-law forever prohibited Jews from acquiring property in Romania, except in situations in which <strong>the</strong> law would provide for <strong>the</strong>ir concentration in specific urban centers. However, in contrast to <strong>the</strong> nationalization <strong>of</strong> Jewish rural property, which allowed no exceptions, in this case several categories <strong>of</strong> Jews were exempted from <strong>the</strong> provisions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> law: Jews naturalized through individual acts <strong>of</strong> Parliament until August 15, 1916; decorated Jewish war veterans; war orphans who had been baptized Christians twenty years before, if married to ethnic Romanians; Jews baptized as Christians for over thirty years; and <strong>the</strong> descendants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> preceding categories. These exemptions were to be granted on an individual basis by <strong>the</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers. Jews to whom <strong>the</strong> law was applicable were forced to transfer ownership <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> property in question, which had to be free <strong>of</strong> mortgage and any o<strong>the</strong>r financial obligations, to <strong>the</strong> NCR. In return, <strong>the</strong> NCR was to provide reimbursement with a three percent interest rate; but payment <strong>of</strong> this reimbursement was postponed until <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war. The law was subsequently changed, however, and <strong>the</strong> requirement to issue notice <strong>of</strong> property transfer was dropped, as it had been <strong>the</strong> right <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> previous Jewish owner to use
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Final Repo
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Germany’s war against the
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which includes reputed experts led
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BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
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against which antisemites in <stron
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declaring in the p
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them. Thus, he con
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We must organize ourselves for a wa
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ureaucracy of wart
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this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
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promising leader of</strong
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organized a tariff and tax strike.
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Legion of
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less so in Romanian society as a wh
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This ambiguous, self-contradictory
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The Gigurtu government began to con
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The Case of Român
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Cuza’s argument that it is possib
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Românesc,” Sociologie Româneasc
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ole in the early 1
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European states, notably Romania an
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Germany's immediate interests at <s
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eligious communities, the</
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counterpart, “when [he] first met
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de Istorie şi Arheologie, “A. D.
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Romania. Muler to Luthe</st
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demands on territorial revisions an
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military mission to come to Romania
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High Command, informing the
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The Jews and the R
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Romanian army. Thus, in Ciudei in <
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antisemitism in Romanian society an
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Ibid., fond Micro-films, roll I.II,
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manifestations of
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power, as this power colonized West
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attraction, many Jews resettled in
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to defend itself; hence its support
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about the Holocaus
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Nichifor Crainic, “Dupa douazeci
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Isaia Tolan, “Revizuirea incetate
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X. Y. Z., “Rezolvarea problemei e
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andom searches and arrests, robberi
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Bucharest Prefectura. Almost two th
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epression was not ordered by Antone
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from villages and small towns. On J
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accident; it was contrived by <stro
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The second train to leave Iasi for
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Page 109 and 110: [longer] move.” After several wee
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Page 127 and 128: were at least 122,000 Jews. Bukovin
Page 129 and 130: Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: T
Page 131 and 132: Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136,
Page 133 and 134: Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
Page 135 and 136: Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblast
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Page 139 and 140: 1-1087, p. 114; list of</st
Page 141 and 142: Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
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Page 149 and 150: The Cultural Ghettoization
Page 151 and 152: The Status of Jewi
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Page 155 and 156: Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
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Page 185 and 186: in Romania. History and Contemporar
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Page 191 and 192: me from carrying out the</s
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THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
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Others 22 968 Magy
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ultimatum but also consented to <st
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military, political, and psychologi
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command over the g
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Huedin. The Jews of</strong
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authorities set up two ghettos in <
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Secuilor counties was carried out i
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the procedure foll
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deportation trains per day. While E
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Deportation Trains from Nor
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Câtcău Kackó Ciuc Csík Ciucea C
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Rona de Sus Felsöróna Rozavica Ro
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Bözödújfalu Bezidu Nou Budfalva
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Nagysajó Şieu (Bistrita-Nasaud Co
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(Indictment of Naz
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Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
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perceived by a significant part <st
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Romanian government not to adopt <s
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still alive in the
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the Jews who worke
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We have been informed that various
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church bells announce the</
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Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
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Pozdnyakova, Yefrosiniya Starostina
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Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
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the examined cases
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escape with negligible punishment;
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immense scale, enslaved millions <s
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means. The “ethnic Christian stat
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it is evident that the</str
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face să pară evident că victimel
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viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
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Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
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members accepted as authoritative s
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camp in January 1945, for several m
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Beginning in the 1
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such access was strictly supervised
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enefit from translation into Englis
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furthermore, he ha
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lucrative Jewish business ever,”
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deaths of thousand
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Treptow who was residing in Romania
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Finally, it must b
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A.) Integral Negationism Although <
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other genocides re
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mankind, such as wars; the<
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age of 44, only on
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After deploring the</strong
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Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
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See, for example, Giurescu who make
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Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
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Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
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See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
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Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
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egained from the U
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was a record of an
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secondary school use. Those institu
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including erecting statues, mountin
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