Final Report of the International Commission on the - Minority Rights ...

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<strong>of</strong> thousands <strong>of</strong> Romanian Holocaust-era documents that are now available for research. The Holocaust did not arrive in Romania like a meteorite from outer space. Nor did it arrive from Nazi Germany. The rise <strong>of</strong> fascism and Nazism in Western Europe may have increased <strong>the</strong> confidence <strong>of</strong> Romanians with radical antisemitic views, and may have increased <strong>the</strong> chances that <strong>the</strong>y might one day play a role in government. But <strong>the</strong>ir antisemitism was not dramatically altered by those developments. Hitler’s rise did not substantially change Romanian antisemitic ideology. Hitler’s rise opened <strong>the</strong> door to <strong>the</strong> possible implementation <strong>of</strong> antisemitic programs that had been discussed in principle for decades. The antisemitism <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National Christian Party and <strong>the</strong> Iron Guard, <strong>the</strong> genocidal regime <strong>of</strong> Ion Antonescu, and <strong>the</strong> lengthy history <strong>of</strong> Holocaust denial in Romania since World War II all rested firmly on <strong>the</strong> foundations <strong>of</strong> a century <strong>of</strong> antisemitism preached at <strong>the</strong> highest levels <strong>of</strong> Romanian political and intellectual life. The separation, expropriation, deportation, and murder <strong>of</strong> Jews were not new <strong>the</strong>mes in <strong>the</strong> 1930s and 1940s. The Holocaust had deep Romanian roots and must be dealt with as an integral part <strong>of</strong> Romanian history See Institutul Central de Statistică, Recensământul General al Populaţiei României din 29 Decemvrie 1930, 10 vols. (Bucureşti, 1938-1940), Vol. IX, pp.440-443. For a summary presentation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> statistics, see Sabin Manuilă and D.C. Georgescu, Populaţia României (Editura Institutului Central de Statistică, Bucureşti, 1938). All citations are from Octavian Goga, România a Românilor (Sibiu, Tipografia Săteanului, 1936). See Article 27 <strong>of</strong> “Dorinţele partidei naţionale în Moldova” and Article 21 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> “Proclamaţia de la Islaz,” cited in Carol Iancu, Evreii din România, 1866-1919: De la excludere la emancipare (Bucharest, Editura Hasefer, 1996), pp.52-54. (French edition appeared in 1978.) On <strong>the</strong> period <strong>of</strong> Russian domination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> principalities and <strong>of</strong> European guardianship following <strong>the</strong> Crimean War, see Barbara Jelavich, Russia and <strong>the</strong> Formation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Românian National State (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1984), chapters 1 and 2; and Iancu, op.cit., pp.56-65. Monitor Oficial, June 19 and 20, 1866. See Iancu, op.cit., pp.74-80. Parliamentary Speech <strong>of</strong> April 30, 1868, in Din Scrierile şi Cuvîntarile lui Ion C. Bratianu, Vol. 1 (Bucureşti, Carol Gobl, 1903), pp. 441, 445-6 Monitorul Oficial, January 4, 1870. Monitorul Oficial, December 20, 1870. See Iancu, op.cit., 1996, pp.105-109. Speech <strong>of</strong> December 16, 1869 in I.C. Codrescu, Cotropirea judovească în România (Bucureşti, Noua Typographia a Laboratorilor Români, 1870). Industria Naţională, industria străină si industria ovreească faţă cu principiul concurenţei (Bucureşti, 1866), p.30. Speech <strong>of</strong> September 5, 1879, in Vasile Conta, Opere Complecte (Bucureşti, 1914), pp. 647, 660. Speech in Senate, October 10, 1879, cited in Iancu, op.cit., p.240. Ioan Slavici, Soll si Haben—Chestiunea Ovreilor din România (Bucharest, 1878). For anyone who has read Holocaust-related documents in <strong>the</strong> archival repositories <strong>of</strong> România, <strong>the</strong>re is a chilling echo <strong>of</strong> Slavici’s language in <strong>the</strong> language <strong>of</strong> Românian perpetrators <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Holocaust. Many Jews were drowned in <strong>the</strong> Dniester River during <strong>the</strong> forced deportations <strong>of</strong> Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina to Transnistria in 1941. The river was <strong>the</strong> Dniester, not <strong>the</strong> Danube, but Antonescu’s intention to eliminate <strong>the</strong> entire Jewish community <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> region, to <strong>the</strong> last individual, was <strong>the</strong> same. Ioan Slavici, “Semitismul IV” (1908). On Eminescu, see <strong>the</strong> excellent summary in Leon Volovici, Nationalist Ideology and Antisemitism:
The Case <strong>of</strong> Românian Intellectuals in <strong>the</strong> 1930’s (Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1991), pp.10-13; G. Ibraileanu, Spiritul critic în cultura Românească, 3rd. Ed. (Bucureşti, 1929), pp.153-192; and for an Iron Guard perspective published after World War II, D. Murăraşu, Naţionalismul lui Eminescu (Madrid, Editura Carpaţii, 1955), esp. pp. 183-202. In many respects, Eminescu’s opinions were similar to those <strong>of</strong> nationalist poets in o<strong>the</strong>r European countries in this era. See A.D. Xenopol, “La Question Israelite en Roumanie,” La Renaissance Latine, October 15, 1902, pp.165-192; and “Naţionalism şi Antisemitism,” Noua Revista Română, Vol. V, pp.277-280. N. Iorga, Problema evreiască la Cameră (Valenii-de-Munte, Tipografia Neamul Românesc, 1910). Parliamentary speech “În chestia manifestatiilor studenţeşti: Ce Represintă Adevărul,” December 17, 1909, published in N. Iorga, Doăa Cuvîntari în chestia muncitorilor/în chestia agitaţiilor evreieşti (Vălenii-de-Munte, Tipografia Neamul Românesc, 1910), p. 48. Iorga’s relationship with A.C. Cuza preceded creation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Nationalistic Democratic Party. In 1906 Cuza was writing articles for Iorga’s journal Neamul Românesc; see Enciclopedia Cugetarea, Bucharest, Georgescu Delafras, 1940. Iorga expressed his opinions about Cuza and his political activity in several <strong>of</strong> his books. See, for example, N. Iorga Istoria Românilor – Întregitorii, vol.10, Bucharest, 1938, pp.305, 460, 489-493; and N. Iorga, Supt trei Regi, second edition, Bucharest, 1932, p.77. See also William O. Oldson, The Historical and Nationalistic Thought <strong>of</strong> Nicolae Iorga (Boulder, East European Quarterly/Columbia University Press, 1973), pp.84-88. On Iorga’s shifting attitudes, see Volovici, op.cit., passim; and Oldson, op.cit. N. Iorga, Iudaica (Bucureşti, Bucovina E. Toroutiu, 1937). Antisemitic violence broke out in Bucharest and Braila immediately after <strong>the</strong> withdrawal <strong>of</strong> German troops in November 1918, and occurred in different localities with regularity throughout <strong>the</strong> interwar period; see, for example, Andrei Pippidi, Despre statui şi morminte, Iasi, 2000. For a description <strong>of</strong> developments under National Liberal and National Peasantist governments, see chapter 6 in Carol Iancu, Les juifs en Roumanie, 1919-1938: De l’emancipation a la marginalisation (Paris-Louvain, E. Peeters, 1996). For a short analysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> economic issue by one <strong>of</strong> România’s leading interwar sociologists, see Stefan Zeletin, “Finanţa si Antisemitismul,” in his Neoliberalismul, originally published in 1927, republished (Bucureşti, Editura Nemira, 1997). For <strong>the</strong> classic discussion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> peasant uprising <strong>of</strong> 1907, see Radu Rosetti, Pentru ce s’au răsculat ţăranii (Bucureşti, Atelierele grafice SOCEC, 1907); Rosetti, writing under <strong>the</strong> pseudonym Verax, had published four years earlier La Roumanie et les Juifs (Bucarest, I.V. SOCECU, 1903), a detailed study <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> status <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews in România that focused attention on <strong>the</strong> direct contact between Jews and <strong>the</strong> Românian peasantry and called for continued denial <strong>of</strong> citizenship rights to <strong>the</strong> Jews. For a modern analysis, see Philip G. Eidelberg, The Great Rumanian Peasant Revolt <strong>of</strong> 1907 (Leiden, E.J. Brill, 1974). “Lege pentru utilizarea personalului românesc în întreprinderi” (Bucureşti, Monitorul Oficial si Imprimeriile Statului, 1934). On <strong>the</strong> Tătărescu government and <strong>the</strong> restrictive measures introduced in 1937, see Iancu, Les Juifs en Roumanie, op.cit., pp.295-303. For useful definitions and distinctions between <strong>the</strong> “conservative Right,” “radical Right,” and “reactionary Right,” see Eugen Weber, “The Right,” in Hans Rogger and Eugen Weber, Eds., The European Right: A Historical Pr<strong>of</strong>ile (Berkeley and Los Angeles, University <strong>of</strong> California Press, 1966), pp.1-28. Armin Heinen, Legiunea Arhanghelului Mihail – o contribuţie la problema fascismului internaţional, Bucharest, Humanitas, 1999, pp.314-319 (original in German: Die Legion Erzengel Michael in Rumanien – Soziale Bewegung und politische Organization, Muenchen, R. Oldenbourg, 1986. Also
Page 1 and 2: Final Repo
Page 3 and 4: Germany’s war against the
Page 5 and 6: which includes reputed experts led
Page 7 and 8: BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
Page 9 and 10: against which antisemites in <stron
Page 11 and 12: declaring in the p
Page 13 and 14: them. Thus, he con
Page 15 and 16: We must organize ourselves for a wa
Page 17 and 18: ureaucracy of wart
Page 19 and 20: this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
Page 21 and 22: promising leader of</strong
Page 23 and 24: organized a tariff and tax strike.
Page 25 and 26: Legion of
Page 27 and 28: less so in Romanian society as a wh
Page 29 and 30: This ambiguous, self-contradictory
Page 31: The Gigurtu government began to con
Page 35 and 36: Cuza’s argument that it is possib
Page 37 and 38: Românesc,” Sociologie Româneasc
Page 39 and 40: ole in the early 1
Page 41 and 42: European states, notably Romania an
Page 43 and 44: Germany's immediate interests at <s
Page 45 and 46: eligious communities, the</
Page 47 and 48: counterpart, “when [he] first met
Page 49 and 50: de Istorie şi Arheologie, “A. D.
Page 51 and 52: Romania. Muler to Luthe</st
Page 53 and 54: demands on territorial revisions an
Page 55 and 56: military mission to come to Romania
Page 57 and 58: High Command, informing the
Page 59 and 60: The Jews and the R
Page 61 and 62: Romanian army. Thus, in Ciudei in <
Page 63 and 64: antisemitism in Romanian society an
Page 65 and 66: Ibid., fond Micro-films, roll I.II,
Page 67 and 68: manifestations of
Page 69 and 70: power, as this power colonized West
Page 71 and 72: attraction, many Jews resettled in
Page 73 and 74: to defend itself; hence its support
Page 75 and 76: about the Holocaus
Page 77 and 78: Nichifor Crainic, “Dupa douazeci
Page 79 and 80: Isaia Tolan, “Revizuirea incetate
Page 81 and 82: X. Y. Z., “Rezolvarea problemei e
Page 83 and 84:
andom searches and arrests, robberi
Page 85 and 86:
Bucharest Prefectura. Almost two th
Page 87 and 88:
epression was not ordered by Antone
Page 89 and 90:
from villages and small towns. On J
Page 91 and 92:
accident; it was contrived by <stro
Page 93 and 94:
The second train to leave Iasi for
Page 95 and 96:
care of th
Page 97 and 98:
"premilitary," were also placed at
Page 99 and 100:
according to the o
Page 101 and 102:
Tighina Agreement On August 30, Tra
Page 103 and 104:
elieved Transnistria would be occup
Page 105 and 106:
the 331,000 Ukrain
Page 107 and 108:
those inside to take the</s
Page 109 and 110:
[longer] move.” After several wee
Page 111 and 112:
eappear a few seconds later and sig
Page 113 and 114:
operation and that “some
Page 115 and 116:
Bukovina and Bessarabia. Einsatzkom
Page 117 and 118:
other things, <str
Page 119 and 120:
Berezovka district and burn <strong
Page 121 and 122:
them in exchange f
Page 123 and 124:
transport of 2,000
Page 125 and 126:
Bulgarian, Turkish, Italian, or Swi
Page 127 and 128:
were at least 122,000 Jews. Bukovin
Page 129 and 130:
Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: T
Page 131 and 132:
Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136,
Page 133 and 134:
Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
Page 135 and 136:
Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblast
Page 137 and 138:
Cable from the Mil
Page 139 and 140:
1-1087, p. 114; list of</st
Page 141 and 142:
Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
Page 143 and 144:
child’s birth, would be considere
Page 145 and 146:
Indeed, the system
Page 147 and 148:
Romanianization instead of<
Page 149 and 150:
The Cultural Ghettoization
Page 151 and 152:
The Status of Jewi
Page 153 and 154:
give up any radios able to send and
Page 155 and 156:
Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
Page 157 and 158:
L.A., no. 99, p. 344. Trei ani de g
Page 159 and 160:
moral, social, and intellectual nee
Page 161 and 162:
gradually, in reality the</
Page 163 and 164:
except being defined as a Jew. I be
Page 165 and 166:
egulate and authorize, under <stron
Page 167 and 168:
y Lecca: Jews were privileged, and
Page 169 and 170:
through the activi
Page 171 and 172:
oth as a cry of re
Page 173 and 174:
After coming to power, the<
Page 175 and 176:
and then to send <
Page 177 and 178:
their non-evacuate
Page 179 and 180:
villages of <stron
Page 181 and 182:
Return of Roma Sur
Page 183 and 184:
(in many cases, the</strong
Page 185 and 186:
in Romania. History and Contemporar
Page 187 and 188:
THE ROLE OF ION ANTONESCU IN THE PL
Page 189 and 190:
December 16, 1941, meeting
Page 191 and 192:
me from carrying out the</s
Page 193 and 194:
did not do it because…the
Page 195 and 196:
more ironically, this leader’s wa
Page 197 and 198:
THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
Page 199 and 200:
Others 22 968 Magy
Page 201 and 202:
ultimatum but also consented to <st
Page 203 and 204:
military, political, and psychologi
Page 205 and 206:
command over the g
Page 207 and 208:
Huedin. The Jews of</strong
Page 209 and 210:
authorities set up two ghettos in <
Page 211 and 212:
Secuilor counties was carried out i
Page 213 and 214:
the procedure foll
Page 215 and 216:
deportation trains per day. While E
Page 217 and 218:
Deportation Trains from Nor
Page 219 and 220:
Câtcău Kackó Ciuc Csík Ciucea C
Page 221 and 222:
Rona de Sus Felsöróna Rozavica Ro
Page 223 and 224:
Bözödújfalu Bezidu Nou Budfalva
Page 225 and 226:
Nagysajó Şieu (Bistrita-Nasaud Co
Page 227 and 228:
(Indictment of Naz
Page 229 and 230:
Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
Page 231 and 232:
perceived by a significant part <st
Page 233 and 234:
Romanian government not to adopt <s
Page 235 and 236:
still alive in the
Page 237 and 238:
the Jews who worke
Page 239 and 240:
We have been informed that various
Page 241 and 242:
church bells announce the</
Page 243 and 244:
Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
Page 245 and 246:
Pozdnyakova, Yefrosiniya Starostina
Page 247 and 248:
Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
Page 249 and 250:
the examined cases
Page 251 and 252:
escape with negligible punishment;
Page 253 and 254:
immense scale, enslaved millions <s
Page 255 and 256:
means. The “ethnic Christian stat
Page 257 and 258:
it is evident that the</str
Page 259 and 260:
face să pară evident că victimel
Page 261 and 262:
viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
Page 263 and 264:
Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
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members accepted as authoritative s
Page 267 and 268:
camp in January 1945, for several m
Page 269 and 270:
Beginning in the 1
Page 271 and 272:
such access was strictly supervised
Page 273 and 274:
enefit from translation into Englis
Page 275 and 276:
furthermore, he ha
Page 277 and 278:
lucrative Jewish business ever,”
Page 279 and 280:
deaths of thousand
Page 281 and 282:
Treptow who was residing in Romania
Page 283 and 284:
Finally, it must b
Page 285 and 286:
A.) Integral Negationism Although <
Page 287 and 288:
other genocides re
Page 289 and 290:
mankind, such as wars; the<
Page 291 and 292:
age of 44, only on
Page 293 and 294:
After deploring the</strong
Page 295 and 296:
Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
Page 297 and 298:
See, for example, Giurescu who make
Page 299 and 300:
Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
Page 301 and 302:
Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
Page 303 and 304:
See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
Page 305 and 306:
Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
Page 307 and 308:
egained from the U
Page 309 and 310:
was a record of an
Page 311 and 312:
secondary school use. Those institu
Page 313:
including erecting statues, mountin
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