Bucharest Tribunal Indictment, June 26, 1948, Arhiva Ministerului de Interne, vol. 1, 59/USHMM, RG25004M, reel 47. Testim<strong>on</strong>y <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Iancu Florea Ramniceanu, June 18, 1948, Arhiva Ministerului de Interne, vol. 1: p. 699/USHMM, RG 25004M, reel 47. Cartea neagra, vol. 2: p. 33. Testim<strong>on</strong>y <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> David Bandel, 1944, Arhiva Ministerului de Interne, vol. 45: pp. 338-339/USHMM, RG 25004M, reel 47. Testim<strong>on</strong>y <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Israel Schleier, 1945, ibid., vol. 24: p. 85. Inventory, July 7, 1941, Arhiva Ministerului de Interne, file 108233, vol. 37: p. 281. Teleph<strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>Report</str<strong>on</strong>g> no. 6125, July 1, 1941, ibid., file 40010, vol. 89 (page no. illegible); <str<strong>on</strong>g>Report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Triandaf, July 1, 1941, ibid., vol. 30: p. 217 (copy in USHMM, RG 25004M, reel 49). Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 2: no. 64, p. 141. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> SSI Iasi, July 23, 1943, C<strong>on</strong>siliul Securitatii Statului, F<strong>on</strong>d documentar, file 3041, p. 327; Cristian Trancota, Eugen Cristescu, asul serviciilor secrete romanesti. Memorii ( Bucharest: Roza vanturilor, 1997), p. 119. Ancel, Documents, vol. 6: no. 4, p. 49. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Report</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Georgescu to Romanian government, November 8, 1941, Arhiva Statului, Presedintia C<strong>on</strong>siliului de Ministri, Colectia Cabinet, file 86/1941, p. 251. M. Ant<strong>on</strong>escu to Romanian legati<strong>on</strong> in Ankara, March 14, 1944, Romanian Foreign Ministry Archives, “Ankara” file, vol. 1: pp. 108-109. DGFP, vol. 13: no. 207, pp. 318-319. Note <strong>on</strong> Mihai Ant<strong>on</strong>escu’s c<strong>on</strong>versati<strong>on</strong> with Ribbentrop, September 23, 1942, in United Restituti<strong>on</strong> Organizati<strong>on</strong>, Dokumentensammlung, Frankfurt/M, 1960, vol. 3: p. 578. Romanianizati<strong>on</strong> was <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Romanian equivalent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Aryanizati<strong>on</strong>. I. Ant<strong>on</strong>escu to I. Maniu, June 22, 1941, in Ant<strong>on</strong>escu, Mareşalul României şi războaiele de reîntregire (Marshal Ant<strong>on</strong>escu and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Recovery Wars), ed. J. C. Drăgan (Venice: Centrul European de Cercetari Istorice, 1988), vol. 2: no. 13, p. 197. M. Ant<strong>on</strong>escu, “Pentru Basarabia şi Bucovina, Îndrumări date administraţiei dezrobitoare” (For Bessarabia and Bukovina, Guidelines for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Liberati<strong>on</strong> Administrati<strong>on</strong>), Bucharest, 1941, pp. 60-61. Ancel, Documents, vol. 6: no. 15, pp. 199-201. “Plan for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> removal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Jewish element from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Bessarabian territory,” NDM, Fourth Army Collecti<strong>on</strong>, reel 781, file 0145-0146, n.p. For <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Romanian army’s enforcement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> “special orders,” see Jean Ancel, C<strong>on</strong>tribuţii la Istoria României, Problema evreiască (C<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> History <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Romania, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Jewish problem) (Bucharest: Hasefer, 2001), vol. 1, part 2: pp. 119-125. Ancel, Documents, vol. 6: no. 15, p. 214. Crimes committed by Romanian troops who occupied Nor<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rn Bukovina as well as crimes at Siret are described in detail in “Charge Sheet against General Stavrat,” in Ancel, Documents, vol. 6 (hereafter: “Charge Sheet”). This informati<strong>on</strong> is c<strong>on</strong>firmed by suvivors’ memoirs and numerous testim<strong>on</strong>ies in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Yad Vashem Archives (hereafter: YVA), Collecti<strong>on</strong> 0-3. Ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r important source is Hugo Gold, ed., Geschichte der Juden in derBukowina: Ein Sammelwerk, 2 vols. (Tel Aviv: Editi<strong>on</strong> “Olamenu,” 1958). “Charge Sheet,” p. 425. Ibid. See also: Gold, vol. 2: pp. 105-108. See Ancel, Documents, vol. 6: pp. 145-153. See also Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: p. 29. Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: p. 30.
Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30-31. See also: Marius Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina si Dorohoi, Collectia Pogrom (Bucharest: Editura Glob, 1945), pp. 23-51; and Ancel, Documents, vol. 6: p. 148. See chapter 20, about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fate <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Cernauti Jews in: Ancel, C<strong>on</strong>tributii, vol. 1, part 2: pp. 230-278. “Charge Sheet,” p. 426. Ibid., p. 426 “Charge Sheet,” pp. 426-427. “Charge Sheet,” p. 427. Ibid. Ibid., p. 427. Ibid., p. 427. “Charge Sheet,” p. 429. See also: Testim<strong>on</strong>y <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Steinberg in YVA, Romanian Collecti<strong>on</strong> 0-11/89. This account is c<strong>on</strong>firmed also by two o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r testim<strong>on</strong>ies in YVA, 0-3/1915, 3446. “Charge Sheet,” pp. 429-430. Ibid., p.430. Ibid., p. 431. The fate <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Jews <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Briceni, Lipcani, Falesti, Marculesti and Floresti has been described in Jean Ancel and Te’odor Lavi, eds., Pinkas Hakehilot. Rumania (Encyclopaedia <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Jewish Communities: Rumania) (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1980), vol. 2. See also: “Bill <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Indictment against <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Perpetrators <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Iasi Pogrom,” YVA 0-11/73; and Ancel, Documents, vol. 6: no. 39, pp. 410-411. Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: p. 35; see also: Addendum to Jacob Stenzler’s depositi<strong>on</strong>, YVA 0-11/89, PKR III, pp. 261-262. Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: p. 35. The shooting <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Jews <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Cepelauti-Hotin is better known due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> testim<strong>on</strong>y <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Eng. Le<strong>on</strong> Sapira, a native <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this town; see: YVA, Romanian Collecti<strong>on</strong> 0-11/89, PKR III: pp. 116-117. Einsatzgruppe D carried out <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> orders regarding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> exterminati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Jews. On June 21, 1941, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> entire Einsatzgruppe D left Dueben and reached Romania <strong>on</strong> June 24. See: Ereignissmeldung UdSSR (detailed reports <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Einszatzgruppe D acti<strong>on</strong>s in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> USSR, quoted in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Nuremberg trial), no. 37, July 29, 1941, regarding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> killings in Balti. Copy in Ancel, Documents, vol. 5: no. 16, pp. 23-24. Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: p. 36. Ibid., p. 36. See also Ancel, “Kishinev,” in Pinkas Hakehilot, vol. 2: pp. 411-416. Raul Hilberg, The Destructi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> European Jews, rev. ed., (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), vol. 2: p. 768. Jean Ancel, “The Romanian Way <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Solving <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘Jewish Problem’ in Bessarabia and Bukovina, June- July 1941,” Yad Vashem Studies 19 (1988): pp. 207-208. Ancel, Documents, vol. 6: nos. 41 and 43, pp. 444-445. Ancel, Documents, vol. 6: no. 43, p. 477. Popescu to Voiculescu, July 9, NDM, Fourth Army Collecti<strong>on</strong>, file 0473, reel 655. Ancel, Documents, vol. 6: p. 207. Ibid., p. 207. Ibid., no. 41, p. 445. Ancel, Documents, vol. 6: no. 43, pp. 512-513. Ibid., pp. 458, 461. Ibid., p. 449. See also: Ibid., no. 42, pp. 470-471. Ancel, Documents, vol. 6: pp. 211 and 498. Nuremberg Documents, NO-2651; Ancel, Documents, vol. 6: p. 499.
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Final Repo
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Germany’s war against the
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which includes reputed experts led
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BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
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against which antisemites in <stron
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declaring in the p
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them. Thus, he con
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We must organize ourselves for a wa
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ureaucracy of wart
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this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
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promising leader of</strong
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organized a tariff and tax strike.
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Legion of
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less so in Romanian society as a wh
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This ambiguous, self-contradictory
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The Gigurtu government began to con
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The Case of Român
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Cuza’s argument that it is possib
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Românesc,” Sociologie Româneasc
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ole in the early 1
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European states, notably Romania an
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Germany's immediate interests at <s
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eligious communities, the</
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counterpart, “when [he] first met
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de Istorie şi Arheologie, “A. D.
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Romania. Muler to Luthe</st
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demands on territorial revisions an
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military mission to come to Romania
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High Command, informing the
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The Jews and the R
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Romanian army. Thus, in Ciudei in <
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antisemitism in Romanian society an
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Ibid., fond Micro-films, roll I.II,
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manifestations of
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power, as this power colonized West
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attraction, many Jews resettled in
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to defend itself; hence its support
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about the Holocaus
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Nichifor Crainic, “Dupa douazeci
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Isaia Tolan, “Revizuirea incetate
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(in many cases, the</strong
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in Romania. History and Contemporar
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THE ROLE OF ION ANTONESCU IN THE PL
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December 16, 1941, meeting
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me from carrying out the</s
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did not do it because…the
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more ironically, this leader’s wa
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THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
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Others 22 968 Magy
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ultimatum but also consented to <st
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military, political, and psychologi
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command over the g
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Huedin. The Jews of</strong
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authorities set up two ghettos in <
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Secuilor counties was carried out i
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the procedure foll
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deportation trains per day. While E
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Deportation Trains from Nor
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Câtcău Kackó Ciuc Csík Ciucea C
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Rona de Sus Felsöróna Rozavica Ro
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Bözödújfalu Bezidu Nou Budfalva
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Nagysajó Şieu (Bistrita-Nasaud Co
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(Indictment of Naz
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Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
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perceived by a significant part <st
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Romanian government not to adopt <s
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still alive in the
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the Jews who worke
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We have been informed that various
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church bells announce the</
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Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
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Pozdnyakova, Yefrosiniya Starostina
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Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
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the examined cases
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escape with negligible punishment;
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immense scale, enslaved millions <s
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means. The “ethnic Christian stat
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it is evident that the</str
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face să pară evident că victimel
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viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
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Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
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members accepted as authoritative s
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camp in January 1945, for several m
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Beginning in the 1
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such access was strictly supervised
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enefit from translation into Englis
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furthermore, he ha
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lucrative Jewish business ever,”
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deaths of thousand
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Treptow who was residing in Romania
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Finally, it must b
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A.) Integral Negationism Although <
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other genocides re
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mankind, such as wars; the<
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age of 44, only on
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After deploring the</strong
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Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
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See, for example, Giurescu who make
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Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
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Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
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See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
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Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
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egained from the U
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was a record of an
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secondary school use. Those institu
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including erecting statues, mountin