1943, p. 1). The director was faithful to himself because he had l<strong>on</strong>g c<strong>on</strong>sidered Romania to be fulfilling <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> “European missi<strong>on</strong>” in this war (see, for example: Pamfil Seicaru, “Misiunea noastra europeana: fata la Est,” Curentul, vol. 14, no. 4856, August 23, 1941, p. 1). Theo Maiorescu, “Neomenie engleza…sau isterie iudaica,” Viata, vol. 2, no. 530, October 9, 1942, p. 3. Tudor Teodorescu-Braniste, “Criza democratiei,” Adevarul, vol. 51, no. 16.539, December 30, 1937, p. 1. “A inceput razboiul de salvare a tarilor din ghearele bolseismului. Textul integral al Proclamatiei Fuehrer-ului adresata poporului german.” in Viata, no. 85, vol. 1, June 25, 1941, p. 1. See also Hitler’s speech, “The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Kike, England, and Soviet Russia,” Viata,, vol. 1, no. 225, November 13, 1941, in which expressi<strong>on</strong>s such as Judeo-Bolshevism” and “Anglo-Kikishness” appear. Romulus Dianu, “Capitalismul englez se bizuie pe bolsevism!...” Curentul, vol. 14, no. 4798, June 26, 1941, p. 1. A. Pomescu, „Cea mai mare indrazneala a lui Israel,” Curentul,, vol. 14, no. 4837, August 4, 1941, p. 2. Idem, The <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis according to which <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Communist Revoluti<strong>on</strong> meant <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> victory <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> “Judaic dominance” is abundant in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Romanian press at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> time; ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r example chosen randomly: Catalin Ropala, “Incercare de a patrunde sensul revolutiei comuniste,” Viata, vol. 1, no. 270, December 30, 1941, p. 5. Alex. Hodos, “Razboiul pe care Israel il va pierde,” Curentul, vol. 14, no. 4833, July 31, 1941, p. 1. Doua c<strong>on</strong>ceptii,” Universul, vol. 59, no. 181, July 6, 1942, p. 3. Nichifor Crainic, “Aliatii lui Hitler,” Gindirea, vol. 20, no. 7, September 1941, p. 337. “Pentru un nou rasarit,” C<strong>on</strong>vorbiri literare, vol. 74, no. 7, July 1941, p. 709. Interestingly, Many Romanian publicati<strong>on</strong>s characterized <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Romanian interventi<strong>on</strong> in Hungary at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> end <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> First World War and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> repressi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Communist movement led by Bella Kun as a sort <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> predecessor <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fight against Judeo-Bolshevism. For example, Horia I. Ursu, “Rolul poporului roman in apararea Europei,” Vremea Razboiului, vol. 14, no. 640, March 8, 1942, pp. 1, 14. I. E. Toroutiu, “Suflete inchiriate,” C<strong>on</strong>vorbiri literare, vol. 74, nos. 8-10, August-October 1941, p. 949. [Serviciul M<strong>on</strong>dial] “Alianta judaismului cu bolsevismul,” Porunca Vremii, vol. 11, no. 2299, August 9, 1942, pp. 1, 3. “Exodul evreiesc din portul Galati c<strong>on</strong>tinua,” Curentul, vol. 13, no. 4470, July 23, 1940, p. 1. “Populatia actuala a Chisinaului,” Viata, vol. 1, no. 225, November 13, 1941, p. 1. Elefterie Negel, “Bucuria evreimii la rapirea Basarabiei”, Universul, vol. 58, no. 213, August 9, 1941, p. 7 Pamfil Seicaru, for example, discussing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Citizenship Revisi<strong>on</strong> Law, issued by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Goga government, has a very laudative discourse: “An act <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> decisive political importance, a testim<strong>on</strong>y <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> nati<strong>on</strong>alist faith, a token <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> sincerity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fered to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> country […] To <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Goga government goes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> merit to fulfill <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Romanian sensibility through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> decisi<strong>on</strong> to revise all citizenships – in order to eliminate from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> political rights all who sneaked through fraud, all who benefited from lesser moral values <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> State administrati<strong>on</strong> […] It is an act <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> reassurance and afirmati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> our sovereignity […] a safeguard for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> future, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> coming to life <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most righteous <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> expectati<strong>on</strong>s” V. Pamfil Seicaru, „O chezasie a sinceritatii,” Curentul, vol. 11, no. 3580, January 20, 1938, pp. 1, 2. The Romanian press <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> epoch asserts an ancillary role regarding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> antisemitic policies <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> governments during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1938 – 1944 period. The antisemitic laws and administrative measures are popularized and sustained <strong>on</strong> a regular basis by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> media: <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Citiyenship Revisi<strong>on</strong> Law (for example:
Isaia Tolan, “Revizuirea incetatenirilor,” Curentul, vol. 11, no. 3581, January 21, 1938, p. 7), “Decretul-lege pentru oprirea casatoriilor intre romanii de singe si evrei” and “Decretul-lege privitor la starea juridica a locuitorilor evrei din Romania,” Curentul, vol. 13, no. 4483, August 11, 1940, p. 4; exclusi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Jewish lawyers from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Bar, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Jewish employees from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Nati<strong>on</strong>al Railroad Company, from cultural instituti<strong>on</strong>s “Eliminati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Jews from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>atres and any artistic enterprises. Decisi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ministry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Culture and Arts” (Curentul, vol. 13, no. 4520, September 11, 1940, p. 1) or from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> natinal educati<strong>on</strong> system (Lorin Popescu, “107 zile de munca in cimpul scolii, al bisericii si al artelor,” Curentul, vol. 14, no. 4630, January 1, 1941, p. 9),expropriati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> rural and urban goods <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Jewish populati<strong>on</strong> (“Importanta decretului-lege pentru exproprierea imobilelor urbane ale evreilor. Declaratiile facute presei de catre d. Nichifor Crainic, ministrul propagandei,” Viata, no. 3, vol. 1, April 2, 1941, p. 7), <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> law establishing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> mandatory “work for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> community” for Jews (“Toti evreii din Capitala sunt obligati sa presteze munca in folos obstesc,” Universul, vol. 58, no. 217, August 13, 1941, p. 3), <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Romanian Jews Central (“Spre rezolvarea problemei evreilor in Romania,” Viata, vol. 1, no. 264, December 22, 1941, pp. 1,3), <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> new statute <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Jewish doctors (“Organizarea si functi<strong>on</strong>area Colegiului medicilor,” Universul, Vol. al 60-lea, no. 270, October 3, 1943, p. 7), c<strong>on</strong>fiscati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> radio equipemnt owned by Jews (Alex. Hodos, “Israel intr-o noua robie…,” Curentul, vol. 14, no. 4871, September 7, 1941, pp. 1, 7), military taxes imposed <strong>on</strong> Jews (“Evreii care locuiesc in strainatate vor plati inzecitul taxelor militare,” Viata, vol. 1, no. 215, November 3, 1941, p. 3), <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> law <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> “covering <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Jewish interests” (“Numele persoanelor care au camuflat interesele evreiesti,” Viata, vol. 2, no. 492, September 6, 1942, p. 5), increase <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> price <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> bread for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Jews (Porunca Vremii, vol. 11, no. 2307, August 20, 1942, p. 3). Romanian newspapers also inform regularly, widely and sympa<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>tically, <strong>on</strong> antisemitic measures instituted by o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r countries, wishing to demostrate that what was happening in Romania was in accordance with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> events in “civilized Europe” (“Evreii din Franta in tabere de munca,” Viata, no. 47, vol. 1, May 17, 1941). O<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r newspapers print <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> antisemitic foreign litertaure (Porunca Vremii, for instance, publishes in a series, in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> vol.ui 1942 <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>, sadly famous, book <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Edouard Drum<strong>on</strong>t La France juive under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> title “Kiked France”). “Un rezumat complect asupra modului in care s-a desfasurat rebeliunea,” Curentul, vol. 14, no. 4663, February 7, 1941, p. 7. “Bilantul rebeliunii,” Curentul, vol. 14, no. 4663, February 7, 1941, p. 8. “Barbaria bolsevica a distrus capitala Basarabiei,” Curentul, 14, no. 4832, July 30, 1941, p. 5; C. Mir<strong>on</strong>escu, “Jidanii alaturi de bolsevici sunt autorii distrugerii Chisinaului,” Curentul, vol. 14, no. 4837, August 4, 1941, p. 7; or Radian Eugen, “Dinamitat si incendiat, Chisinaul nu May este azi decat un imens morman de ruine. Cardasia jidanilor cu bolsevicii,” Curentul, vol. 14, no. 4843, August 10, 1941, p. 5. Pamfil Seicaru, “Romanizare si birocratie,” Curentul, vol. 14, no. 4891, September 27, 1941, p. 1. Savin Popescu Lupu, “Jidovii apostoli. Cum au darimat localurile de scoala. Apostoli-felceri. Despre imoralitatea evreicei invatatoare. Urmele jidovilor in scoli,” Viata, vol. 1, no. 271, December 31, 1941, p. 5. There are countless articles praising this measure. To illustrate with two examples: “A inceput lupta pentru purificarea rassei,” Curentul, vol. 14, no. 4801, June 29, 1941, p. 3; and “Evreii din comunele rurale vor fi indepartati. Comunicat,” Viata, vol. 1, no. 89, June 29, 1941, p. 1. “500 de evrei comunisti executati la Iasi. Ei au tras din case focuri asupra ostasilor germani si romani. Comunicat,” Universul, vol. 58, no. 175 (July 2, 1941), p. 1. “Pentru fiecare ostas german sau roman vor fi executati 50 iudeo-comunisti. Comunicat,” Curentul, vol. 14, no. 4806, July 4, 1941, p. 1. C. Soldan, “Tradari…,” Universul, vol. 58, no. 178, July 5, 1941, p. 1.
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Final Repo
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Germany’s war against the
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which includes reputed experts led
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BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
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against which antisemites in <stron
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declaring in the p
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them. Thus, he con
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We must organize ourselves for a wa
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ureaucracy of wart
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this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
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promising leader of</strong
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organized a tariff and tax strike.
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Legion of
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Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: T
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Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136,
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Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
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Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblast
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Cable from the Mil
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1-1087, p. 114; list of</st
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Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
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child’s birth, would be considere
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Indeed, the system
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Romanianization instead of<
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The Cultural Ghettoization
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The Status of Jewi
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give up any radios able to send and
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Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
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L.A., no. 99, p. 344. Trei ani de g
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moral, social, and intellectual nee
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gradually, in reality the</
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except being defined as a Jew. I be
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egulate and authorize, under <stron
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y Lecca: Jews were privileged, and
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through the activi
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oth as a cry of re
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After coming to power, the<
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and then to send <
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their non-evacuate
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villages of <stron
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Return of Roma Sur
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(in many cases, the</strong
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in Romania. History and Contemporar
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THE ROLE OF ION ANTONESCU IN THE PL
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December 16, 1941, meeting
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me from carrying out the</s
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did not do it because…the
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more ironically, this leader’s wa
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THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
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Others 22 968 Magy
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ultimatum but also consented to <st
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military, political, and psychologi
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command over the g
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Huedin. The Jews of</strong
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authorities set up two ghettos in <
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Secuilor counties was carried out i
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the procedure foll
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deportation trains per day. While E
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Deportation Trains from Nor
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Câtcău Kackó Ciuc Csík Ciucea C
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Rona de Sus Felsöróna Rozavica Ro
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Bözödújfalu Bezidu Nou Budfalva
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Nagysajó Şieu (Bistrita-Nasaud Co
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(Indictment of Naz
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Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
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perceived by a significant part <st
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Romanian government not to adopt <s
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still alive in the
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the Jews who worke
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We have been informed that various
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church bells announce the</
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Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
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Pozdnyakova, Yefrosiniya Starostina
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Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
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the examined cases
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escape with negligible punishment;
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immense scale, enslaved millions <s
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means. The “ethnic Christian stat
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it is evident that the</str
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face să pară evident că victimel
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viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
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Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
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members accepted as authoritative s
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camp in January 1945, for several m
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Beginning in the 1
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such access was strictly supervised
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enefit from translation into Englis
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furthermore, he ha
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lucrative Jewish business ever,”
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deaths of thousand
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Treptow who was residing in Romania
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Finally, it must b
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A.) Integral Negationism Although <
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other genocides re
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mankind, such as wars; the<
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age of 44, only on
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After deploring the</strong
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Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
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See, for example, Giurescu who make
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Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
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Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
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See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
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Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
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egained from the U
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was a record of an
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secondary school use. Those institu
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including erecting statues, mountin