Final Report of the International Commission on the - Minority Rights ...

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Benjamin, Stenograme, no. 119, p. 337. Vasiliu to Antonescu, December 15, 1941, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior Archive, file 18844, vol. 3. Military Cabinet report, January 4, 1942, Bucharest State Archives, Presidency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers, Cabinet Collection, file 86/1941, pp. 325-327. Isopescu to Bivolaru, November 4, 1941, Derjavnii Archiv Mikolaisvoi Oblasti, Ukraina (Central Archive <strong>of</strong> Nicolaev County) (hereafter: Nicolaev Archive), 2178-1-66, p. 90. Isopescu to government <strong>of</strong> Transnistria, November 13, 1941, ibid., p. 155. Ibid., p. 151b. Ibid., pp. 151-151b. Vasiliu to Antonescu, December 15, 1941, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior Archive, file 18844, vol. 3. Alexianu to Antonescu, December 11, 1941, Odessa Archive, 2242-1-677, p. 197. Georgescu to Golta prefecture, Nicolaev Archive, December 4, 1942, 2178-1-12, p. 22. Government session, December 16, 1941, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Interior, Operative Archive, file 40010, vol. 78: p. 358. Telegram, Schlutter to Alexianu, February 5, 1942 (German version and Romanian translation), Odessa Archive, 2242-1-1486, pp. 180-180b. Ibid. Telegram, Schlutter to Alexianu in Tiraspol, February 14, 1941 (German version and and Romanian translation), Odessa Archive, 2242-1-1486, pp. 200-200b. Ibid. This mass execution and burning <strong>of</strong> bodies was detailed during Isopescu’s trial in 1945. That description has been confirmed by Romanian documents in <strong>the</strong> archives at Nicolaev and Odessa. See Actul de acuzare, Rechizitoriile si replica acuzarii la procesul primului lot de criminali de razboi (Indictment, remarks by <strong>the</strong> prosecution, and response by <strong>the</strong> defense in <strong>the</strong> trial <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first group <strong>of</strong> war criminals; hereafter: Actul de acuzare) (Bucharest: Apararii Patriotice,1945). Testimony <strong>of</strong> Haim Kogan, April 24, 1963, YVA, PKR-V, no. 4, p. 70. Iliescu to Golta prefecture, March 19, 1942, Nicolaev Archive, 2178-1-58, pp. 358-358b. Ibid. Ilya Ehrenburg, et al., Cartea Neagra (The Black Book) (Bucharest: Institutul Roman de Documentare, 1946), p. 103. Actul de acuzare, p. 30. Ibid., pp.70-71. Carp, Cartea neagra, p. 225. Testimony <strong>of</strong> Golda Israel, July 14, 1994, recorded by Ancel. Cable no. 3572 from Isopescu to Gendarmerie headquarters in Transnistria, May 24, 1942, Nikolaev Archives, 2178-1-4, p. 478. Actul de acuzare, p. 71. Alexander Dallin, Odessa, 1941-1944: A Case Study <strong>of</strong> Soviet Territory under Foreign Rule (Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, 1957), p. 42. Jipa Rotaru, et al., Maresalul Ion Antonescu, Am facut razboiul sfantimpotriva bolsevismului (Marshal Ion Antonescu: I Waged <strong>the</strong> Holy War against Bolshevism) (Oradea, Romania: Editura Cogito, 1994), p. 177. See list <strong>of</strong> victims and casualty figures (apparently provisional), October 24, 1941, NDM, pp. 673- 679. Circular from Transnistrian police headquarters (signed by Alexianu), September 22, 1941, Odessa Archives, 2242-1-1067.
Cable from <strong>the</strong> Military Cabinet to Fourth Army headquarters, October 22, 1941, NDM, Fond MApN, Armata 4a; copy in USHMM/RG 25003M, reel 12, Fourth Army collection, file 870, p. 634. From January 27 to September 22, 1941, Iacobici had served as minister <strong>of</strong> national defense, later doubling as chief <strong>of</strong> staff and commander <strong>of</strong> war headquarters. On September 9, Antonescu appointed him commander <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fourth Army as well, after General Nicolae Ciuperca’s unsuccessful storming <strong>of</strong> Odessa. Cable from Iacobici to <strong>the</strong> Military Cabinet, October 22, 1941, ibid., p. 633. Cable from Stanculescu to Tataranu, October 23, 1941, ibid., pp. 654-656. Cable from Stanculescu to Tataranu, October 23, 1941, ibid., pp. 651-653. Ibid. Dallin, Odessa, p. 77. <strong>Report</strong> from Iacobici to <strong>the</strong> Military Cabinet, October 23, 1941, NDM, Fond Fourth Army, reel 12, file 870, pp. 664-665. Dallin, Odessa, p. 77. Testimony <strong>of</strong> Milea Morduhovici, August 31, 1995, recorded by Jean Ancel, to be submitted to YVA (hereafter: Morduhovici’s testimony). Morduhovici contracted typhus at <strong>the</strong> Bogdanovka camp and fled toward Odessa. She made it home, where she convalesced with <strong>the</strong> help <strong>of</strong> a Russian physician. In February 1942, she was deported again by train with her family. <strong>Report</strong> from Iacobici to <strong>the</strong> Military Cabinet, October 23, 1941, ibid., pp. 662-663. Cable no. 302.861, from Iacobici to War Headquarters in Tighina, ibid., pp. 664-665. Carp, Cartea neagra, no. 122, pp. 210-211. Order no. 563 (302.858), October 24, 1941, NDM, Fourth Army Collection, file 870, p. 688; copy in USHMM, RG-25003M, reel 12. Actul de acuzare, p. 53 “Bericht über Wahrnehmungen in Odessa,” November 4, 1941, U.S. National Archives, RG 242, T 501, reel 278. Communist Party <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ukraine, Odessa County Committee (Obkom), <strong>Final</strong> Register and General Data <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Regional <strong>Commission</strong> to <strong>the</strong> Extraordinary State <strong>Commission</strong> on <strong>the</strong> Damage and Victims <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Fascist Occupation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Region during <strong>the</strong> Great Patriotic War (1941-1944), December 31, 1944, Communist Party Archives in Odessa, II-II-52, p. 22. Actul de acuzare, pp. 64-65. Until <strong>the</strong> opening <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> former Soviet archives (1993) and <strong>the</strong> discovery <strong>of</strong> Milea Morduhovici (see fn. 247), virtually nothing was known about this chapter in <strong>the</strong> liquidation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city’s Jews. The description <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> march from Dalnic to Bogdanovka in October-November 1941 is based on Morduhovici’s account. Commander <strong>of</strong> Berezovka gendarmerie legion to prefect, January 31, 1942, Odessa Archives, 2361-1- 39, p. 15; Morduhovici’s testimony. Commander <strong>of</strong> Berezovka gendarmerie legion to <strong>the</strong> prefect, January 31, 1942, Odessa Archives, 2361-1-39, p. 15. Ancel, Documents, vol. 5: no. 133a, p. 216. Affidavit <strong>of</strong> Velcescu, April 1, 1950, in Pantea file, p. 171. Cable from Alexianu to <strong>the</strong> Civilian-Military Cabinet, January 13, 1942, Odessa Archives, 2242- 11486, p.36. Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: no. 137, pp. 221-222. Wehrmacht Liaison Transnistria Headquartes to Alexianu, February, 1, 1942, Odessa Archives, 2242-1-1084, p. 2.
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Final Repo
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Germany’s war against the
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which includes reputed experts led
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BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
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against which antisemites in <stron
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declaring in the p
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them. Thus, he con
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We must organize ourselves for a wa
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ureaucracy of wart
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this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
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promising leader of</strong
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organized a tariff and tax strike.
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Legion of
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less so in Romanian society as a wh
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This ambiguous, self-contradictory
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The Gigurtu government began to con
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The Case of Român
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Cuza’s argument that it is possib
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Românesc,” Sociologie Româneasc
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ole in the early 1
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European states, notably Romania an
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Germany's immediate interests at <s
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eligious communities, the</
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counterpart, “when [he] first met
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de Istorie şi Arheologie, “A. D.
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Romania. Muler to Luthe</st
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demands on territorial revisions an
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military mission to come to Romania
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High Command, informing the
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The Jews and the R
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Romanian army. Thus, in Ciudei in <
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antisemitism in Romanian society an
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Ibid., fond Micro-films, roll I.II,
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manifestations of
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power, as this power colonized West
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attraction, many Jews resettled in
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to defend itself; hence its support
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about the Holocaus
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Nichifor Crainic, “Dupa douazeci
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Isaia Tolan, “Revizuirea incetate
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X. Y. Z., “Rezolvarea problemei e
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andom searches and arrests, robberi
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Page 91 and 92: accident; it was contrived by <stro
Page 93 and 94: The second train to leave Iasi for
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Page 97 and 98: "premilitary," were also placed at
Page 99 and 100: according to the o
Page 101 and 102: Tighina Agreement On August 30, Tra
Page 103 and 104: elieved Transnistria would be occup
Page 105 and 106: the 331,000 Ukrain
Page 107 and 108: those inside to take the</s
Page 109 and 110: [longer] move.” After several wee
Page 111 and 112: eappear a few seconds later and sig
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Page 115 and 116: Bukovina and Bessarabia. Einsatzkom
Page 117 and 118: other things, <str
Page 119 and 120: Berezovka district and burn <strong
Page 121 and 122: them in exchange f
Page 123 and 124: transport of 2,000
Page 125 and 126: Bulgarian, Turkish, Italian, or Swi
Page 127 and 128: were at least 122,000 Jews. Bukovin
Page 129 and 130: Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: T
Page 131 and 132: Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136,
Page 133 and 134: Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
Page 135: Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblast
Page 139 and 140: 1-1087, p. 114; list of</st
Page 141 and 142: Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
Page 143 and 144: child’s birth, would be considere
Page 145 and 146: Indeed, the system
Page 147 and 148: Romanianization instead of<
Page 149 and 150: The Cultural Ghettoization
Page 151 and 152: The Status of Jewi
Page 153 and 154: give up any radios able to send and
Page 155 and 156: Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
Page 157 and 158: L.A., no. 99, p. 344. Trei ani de g
Page 159 and 160: moral, social, and intellectual nee
Page 161 and 162: gradually, in reality the</
Page 163 and 164: except being defined as a Jew. I be
Page 165 and 166: egulate and authorize, under <stron
Page 167 and 168: y Lecca: Jews were privileged, and
Page 169 and 170: through the activi
Page 171 and 172: oth as a cry of re
Page 173 and 174: After coming to power, the<
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Page 177 and 178: their non-evacuate
Page 179 and 180: villages of <stron
Page 181 and 182: Return of Roma Sur
Page 183 and 184: (in many cases, the</strong
Page 185 and 186: in Romania. History and Contemporar
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THE ROLE OF ION ANTONESCU IN THE PL
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December 16, 1941, meeting
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me from carrying out the</s
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did not do it because…the
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more ironically, this leader’s wa
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THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
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Others 22 968 Magy
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ultimatum but also consented to <st
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military, political, and psychologi
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command over the g
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Huedin. The Jews of</strong
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authorities set up two ghettos in <
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Secuilor counties was carried out i
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the procedure foll
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deportation trains per day. While E
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Deportation Trains from Nor
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Câtcău Kackó Ciuc Csík Ciucea C
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Rona de Sus Felsöróna Rozavica Ro
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Bözödújfalu Bezidu Nou Budfalva
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Nagysajó Şieu (Bistrita-Nasaud Co
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(Indictment of Naz
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Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
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perceived by a significant part <st
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Romanian government not to adopt <s
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still alive in the
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the Jews who worke
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We have been informed that various
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church bells announce the</
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Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
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Pozdnyakova, Yefrosiniya Starostina
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Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
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the examined cases
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escape with negligible punishment;
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immense scale, enslaved millions <s
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means. The “ethnic Christian stat
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it is evident that the</str
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face să pară evident că victimel
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viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
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Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
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members accepted as authoritative s
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camp in January 1945, for several m
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Beginning in the 1
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such access was strictly supervised
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enefit from translation into Englis
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furthermore, he ha
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lucrative Jewish business ever,”
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deaths of thousand
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Treptow who was residing in Romania
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Finally, it must b
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A.) Integral Negationism Although <
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other genocides re
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mankind, such as wars; the<
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age of 44, only on
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After deploring the</strong
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Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
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See, for example, Giurescu who make
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Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
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Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
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See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
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Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
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egained from the U
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was a record of an
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secondary school use. Those institu
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including erecting statues, mountin
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