Final Report of the International Commission on the - Minority Rights ...

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Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: nos. 20-26, pp. 37, 65-70. Ancel, Documents, vol. 5: no. 35, p. 42. See also: Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: nos. 23-24, pp. 67-69. Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: p. 38. Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: nos. 20-26, pp. 37, 65-70. Ancel, Documents, vol. 6: no. 37, p. 341. Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers session, September 5, 1941, in Problema Evreiască în stenogramele Consiliului de Miniştri (The Jewish Problem in <strong>the</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers’ Transcripts), ed. Lya Benjamin (Bucharest: Hasefer, 1996), no. 109, pp. 298-299. (Hereafter: Benjamin, Stenograme.) Nuremberg Documents, NO-2934, 2939. Nuremberg Documents, NO-2651, 2934, 2938, 2949, 2950. Nuremberg Documents, NO-52 (Ereignissmeldung UdSSR) and NO-4540. <strong>Report</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Presidency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers re: 30,000 Jews in Hotin and Bukovina, August 11, 1941, Bucharest State Archives, Presidency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers, Cabinet Collection, file 76/1941, p.86; copy in USHMM, RG-25002M, reel 17. Antonescu to Orhei police, August 6, 1941, National Archive <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Republic <strong>of</strong> Moldova, Directorate General <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Police, Security Archive (hereafter: Chisinau Archive), collection 229, subcollection 2, file 165 (hereafter 229-2-165), p. 79. Telegram, Riosanu to Ion Antonescu, July 19, 1941, Bucharest State Archives, Presidency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers, Cabinet Collection, file 89/1941, p. 15. Ancel, Documents, vol. 10: no. 27, p. 83. Eleventh Army Command to General Headquarters, July 30, 1941, NDM, Fourth Army Collection, file 781, p. 136; copy, USHMM, RG-25003M, reel 12; copies in Ancel, Transnistria, vol. 2: doc. 10, and USHMM, RG-25003M, reel 12. DGFP, vol. 13:1 (1979), no. 207, p. 264. Ibid., no. 332, p. 431. National Police Headquarters report to Central Information Service, August 27, 1941, Bucharest State Archives, Presidency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers, Cabinet Collection, file 71/1941, p. 91. Regarding this convoy, see also: correspondence between General Headquarters and <strong>the</strong> army pretor, in Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3, pp. 104-106. Ancel, Documents, vol. 10: no. 61, p. 143. M. Antonescu to I. Antonescu, telegram, Bucharest State Archives, Presidency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers, Cabinet Collection, file 167/1941, p. 42. Tufe to administration <strong>of</strong> Bessarabia, August 12, 1941, NDM, file 656, p. 13. Ancel, Documents, vol. 5: pp. 52, 99, 131-133, and vol. 10: pp. 100-102, 138. Curentul (The Current), August 27, 1941. Niculescu <strong>Commission</strong>, <strong>Report</strong> 2, December 1941, Chisinau Archive, 706-1-69, pp. 48-49. The report recorded 75,000-80,000 Jews in Bessarabia at <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> August. See chapter 18: “Camps and Ghettos in Bessarabia and Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Bukovina,” chapter 19, “Ghetto Kishinev” and chapter 20, “Czernovitz,” in Ancel, Contributii, vol. 1, part 2: pp. 143-278. Benjamin, Stenograme, no. 95, p. 242 and no. 113, p. 326. Archive <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ministry <strong>of</strong> Defence, fond central, Problema evreiasca, vol. 21: p. 131; Ancel, Documents, vol. 5: pp. 196-197. Ancel, Documents, vol. 3: no. 74, p. 132. Ibid., vol 5: no. 145, p. 265. Ibid., vol. 3: no. 74, p. 143. Ibid., vol. 3, no. 258, p. 425.
Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblasti, Ukraina (State Archive <strong>of</strong> Odessa County, Ukraine) (hereafter: Odessa Archive), collection 2361, subcollection 1c, pp. 45-46; German version: Nuremberg Documents, PS-3319. Ancel, Documents, vol. 10: no. 61, p. 139. Niculescu commission, report no. 2, p. 54. Inspectorate General <strong>of</strong> Transnistria to Topor, September 11, 1941; Carp, Cartea neagra, pp. 122- 123. Ancel, Documents, vol. 5: no. 110, p. 170. Benjamin, Stenograme, p. 326. Ancel, Documents, vol. 5: no. 44, p. 101. Davidescu to Voiculescu and Calotescu, Chisinau Archive, 1607-1-2, p. 171. This “exchange” was, in fact, seizure. Ancel, Documents, vol. 5: no. 114, p. 179. Joseph Goebbels, Tagebücher 1924-1945 (Munich: Piper, 1992), vol. 4: pp. 1059-1060. Calotescu to <strong>the</strong> Presidency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers, April 9, 1942, Foreign Ministry Archive, Central Collection, vol. 20: pp. 130-131. Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: nos. 39, 41, 43, 46, 55, pp. 95-97, 99, 104; DGFP, series D, vol. 13: no. 207, pp. 318-319. Ancel, Documents, vol. 3: no. 221, p. 339. Procesul Marei Trădări Naţionale (Trial <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National High Treason), Bucharest, 1946, pp. 148- 149. Alexianu to Antonescu, September 12, 1941, Odessa Archive, 2242-1677, pp. 18-19b. Nuremberg Military Trials, vol. 4: case 9, p. 168. Tasks <strong>of</strong> Transnistrian police, December 1941, Odessa Archive, 2242-4-5c, p. 3. Julius Fisher, Transnistria: The Forgotten Cemetery (South Brunswick, NJ: T. Yosel<strong>of</strong>, 1969), p. 105. USHMM/SRI, RG 25004M, fond 40012, vol. 1: reel 28. Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: p. 325. Ibid., 3: p. 280. Ibid., pp. 201, 376–77. Carp, Cartea neagr[, vol. 3: p. 285. Ibid., p. 285. Ibid., p. 368. Military Command <strong>of</strong> Transnistria, order no. 1, Odessa Archive, 2730-1-1. Fourth Army, Order no. 209.221, August 4, 1941, Chisinau Archive, 693-2-299, p. 26. Fourth Army to General Headquarters, NDM, Fourth Army Collection, file 781, p. 162. Nica, Order no. 4, September 3, 1943, Odessa Archive, 2358-1-2, p. 4. The order was issued in Romanian and Russian. Telegram, Fourth Army to General Headquarters, September 30, 1941, NDM, Fourth Army Collection, file 779, p. 164. General Headquarters to Fourth Army, October 6, 1941, NDM, Fourth Army Collection, file 779, p. 165. Richter to RSHA, October 11, 1941, Nuremberg Documents, PS-3319; copy in Ancel, Documents, vol. 5: no. 87, p.110. Alexianu to Fourth Army commander, Odessa Archive, 2242-2-76. “Guidelines Concerning <strong>the</strong> Organization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Convoys,” September 6, 1941, Odessa Archive, 2242-2-680, p. 50.
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Final Repo
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Germany’s war against the
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which includes reputed experts led
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BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
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against which antisemites in <stron
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declaring in the p
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them. Thus, he con
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We must organize ourselves for a wa
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ureaucracy of wart
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this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
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promising leader of</strong
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organized a tariff and tax strike.
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Legion of
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less so in Romanian society as a wh
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This ambiguous, self-contradictory
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The Gigurtu government began to con
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The Case of Român
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Cuza’s argument that it is possib
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Românesc,” Sociologie Româneasc
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ole in the early 1
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European states, notably Romania an
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Germany's immediate interests at <s
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eligious communities, the</
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counterpart, “when [he] first met
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de Istorie şi Arheologie, “A. D.
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Romania. Muler to Luthe</st
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demands on territorial revisions an
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military mission to come to Romania
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High Command, informing the
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The Jews and the R
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Romanian army. Thus, in Ciudei in <
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antisemitism in Romanian society an
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Ibid., fond Micro-films, roll I.II,
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manifestations of
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power, as this power colonized West
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attraction, many Jews resettled in
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to defend itself; hence its support
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about the Holocaus
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Nichifor Crainic, “Dupa douazeci
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Isaia Tolan, “Revizuirea incetate
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X. Y. Z., “Rezolvarea problemei e
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Page 91 and 92: accident; it was contrived by <stro
Page 93 and 94: The second train to leave Iasi for
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Page 97 and 98: "premilitary," were also placed at
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Page 101 and 102: Tighina Agreement On August 30, Tra
Page 103 and 104: elieved Transnistria would be occup
Page 105 and 106: the 331,000 Ukrain
Page 107 and 108: those inside to take the</s
Page 109 and 110: [longer] move.” After several wee
Page 111 and 112: eappear a few seconds later and sig
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Page 115 and 116: Bukovina and Bessarabia. Einsatzkom
Page 117 and 118: other things, <str
Page 119 and 120: Berezovka district and burn <strong
Page 121 and 122: them in exchange f
Page 123 and 124: transport of 2,000
Page 125 and 126: Bulgarian, Turkish, Italian, or Swi
Page 127 and 128: were at least 122,000 Jews. Bukovin
Page 129 and 130: Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: T
Page 131 and 132: Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136,
Page 133: Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
Page 137 and 138: Cable from the Mil
Page 139 and 140: 1-1087, p. 114; list of</st
Page 141 and 142: Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
Page 143 and 144: child’s birth, would be considere
Page 145 and 146: Indeed, the system
Page 147 and 148: Romanianization instead of<
Page 149 and 150: The Cultural Ghettoization
Page 151 and 152: The Status of Jewi
Page 153 and 154: give up any radios able to send and
Page 155 and 156: Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
Page 157 and 158: L.A., no. 99, p. 344. Trei ani de g
Page 159 and 160: moral, social, and intellectual nee
Page 161 and 162: gradually, in reality the</
Page 163 and 164: except being defined as a Jew. I be
Page 165 and 166: egulate and authorize, under <stron
Page 167 and 168: y Lecca: Jews were privileged, and
Page 169 and 170: through the activi
Page 171 and 172: oth as a cry of re
Page 173 and 174: After coming to power, the<
Page 175 and 176: and then to send <
Page 177 and 178: their non-evacuate
Page 179 and 180: villages of <stron
Page 181 and 182: Return of Roma Sur
Page 183 and 184: (in many cases, the</strong
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in Romania. History and Contemporar
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THE ROLE OF ION ANTONESCU IN THE PL
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December 16, 1941, meeting
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me from carrying out the</s
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did not do it because…the
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more ironically, this leader’s wa
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THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
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Others 22 968 Magy
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ultimatum but also consented to <st
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military, political, and psychologi
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command over the g
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Huedin. The Jews of</strong
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authorities set up two ghettos in <
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Secuilor counties was carried out i
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the procedure foll
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deportation trains per day. While E
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Deportation Trains from Nor
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Câtcău Kackó Ciuc Csík Ciucea C
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Rona de Sus Felsöróna Rozavica Ro
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Bözödújfalu Bezidu Nou Budfalva
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Nagysajó Şieu (Bistrita-Nasaud Co
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(Indictment of Naz
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Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
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perceived by a significant part <st
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Romanian government not to adopt <s
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still alive in the
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the Jews who worke
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We have been informed that various
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church bells announce the</
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Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
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Pozdnyakova, Yefrosiniya Starostina
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Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
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the examined cases
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escape with negligible punishment;
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immense scale, enslaved millions <s
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means. The “ethnic Christian stat
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it is evident that the</str
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face să pară evident că victimel
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viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
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Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
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members accepted as authoritative s
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camp in January 1945, for several m
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Beginning in the 1
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such access was strictly supervised
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enefit from translation into Englis
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furthermore, he ha
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lucrative Jewish business ever,”
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deaths of thousand
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Treptow who was residing in Romania
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Finally, it must b
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A.) Integral Negationism Although <
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other genocides re
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mankind, such as wars; the<
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age of 44, only on
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After deploring the</strong
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Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
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See, for example, Giurescu who make
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Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
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Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
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See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
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Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
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egained from the U
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was a record of an
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secondary school use. Those institu
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including erecting statues, mountin
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