Final Report of the International Commission on the - Minority Rights ...

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Lecca added a stipulation to <strong>the</strong> Romanian plan, which allowed for <strong>the</strong> emigration to Palestine <strong>of</strong> 3,000 Jews in exchange for payment <strong>of</strong> two million lei. This pay-<strong>of</strong>f was to be made to <strong>the</strong> “Central Office <strong>of</strong> Jews <strong>of</strong> Romania” (<strong>the</strong> Romanian Judenrat) “in order to establish a fund supplying cheap credit to <strong>the</strong> new Romanian enterprises, which will replace <strong>the</strong> Jewish ones.” The Nazis did not keep <strong>the</strong>ir plan secret. Being certain <strong>of</strong> its implementation, <strong>the</strong>y hurried to announce <strong>the</strong> forthcoming deportation in <strong>the</strong> August 8 edition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Bukarester Tageblatt, a German newspaper published in Belgrade. When <strong>the</strong> trains to Belzec failed to start rolling, Richter published ano<strong>the</strong>r article in Bukarester Tageblatt, entitled “Servants <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews,” in which he denounced Baron Neumann (a wealthy converted Jew) and Wilhelm Filderman (head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Union <strong>of</strong> Romanian Jews; UER) for trying “to foil <strong>the</strong> deportation <strong>of</strong> Jews by every means, rallying influential Romanian figures in politics and <strong>the</strong> economy for this purpose.” Richter vehemently railed against those Romanians trying to prevent <strong>the</strong> deportation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews, claiming that Europe would be rid <strong>of</strong> Jews by <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> war and that Romanian relations with Germany would be damaged if <strong>the</strong>y did not join <strong>the</strong> common effort to deport <strong>the</strong> Jews. Richter sent this article to Eichmann on November 15, 1942, in explanation <strong>of</strong> his failure to deport <strong>of</strong> Romanian Jewry. In Filderman's opinion, <strong>the</strong> German threats actually aided <strong>the</strong> cause <strong>of</strong> Romanian Jews because <strong>the</strong>y provoked negative reactions among <strong>the</strong> ruling elite, who felt very strongly about <strong>the</strong> independence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir country. Thus, Richter and Lecca’s plans failed, and <strong>the</strong> deportation <strong>of</strong> Romanian Jewry did not take place. Ambassador von Killinger, accompanied by Richter, visited Mihai Antonescu on November 26, 1942, to demand an explanation for why <strong>the</strong> deportation <strong>of</strong> Romanian Jews to <strong>the</strong> General Gouvernement had not started. The Romanian foreign minister replied that Marshal Antonescu had “decided only to explore <strong>the</strong> possibility <strong>of</strong> an evacuation from Transylvania, but that <strong>the</strong> implementation had been postponed.” After Stalingrad, <strong>the</strong> Romanian government <strong>of</strong>ficially informed Berlin that “<strong>the</strong> only solution to <strong>the</strong> Jewish problem in Romania is emigration.” Antonescu did not yield to <strong>the</strong> Nazis despite intense pressure—initially through <strong>the</strong> German Ambassador and later during April 1943 meetings with Hitler and Ribbentrop—to fulfill his commitment to deport Romanian Jews. Thus, Antonescu and his regime spared Jews in “Regat” (Kingdom) and Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Transylvania from <strong>the</strong> Nazis and <strong>the</strong> <strong>Final</strong> Solution. ---- See Joseph Rothschild, East Central Europe between <strong>the</strong> Two World Wars, A History <strong>of</strong> East Central Europe, vol. 9 (Seattle: University <strong>of</strong> Washington Press, 1974). Vladimir Tismăneanu, Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History <strong>of</strong> Romanian Communism (Berkeley: University <strong>of</strong> California Press, 2003). For <strong>the</strong> context: Hans-Paul Höpfner, Deutsche Südosteuropapolitik der Weimarer Republik (Frankfurt a.M.: Lang 1983). Sabine Bamberger-Stemmann, Der europäische Nationalitätenkongreß 1925 bis 1938. Nationale Minderheiten zwischen Lobbystentum und Großmachtinteressen (Marburg: Verlag Herder Institut, 2000). Rebecca Haynes, Politica României faţă de Germania între 1936- 1940 (Iaşi: Polirom, 2003, p.18). Jean Ancel, ed., Romanian-German Relations, 1936-1944, vol. 9, Documents Concerning <strong>the</strong> Fate <strong>of</strong> Romanian Jewry During <strong>the</strong> Holocaust (New York: Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1986); The War Years, June 23, 1941- December 11, 1941, vol. 8, ser. D, Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918- 1945 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1964). (hereafter: DGFP). Harry M. Howard, The Policy <strong>of</strong> National Socialist Germany in Sou<strong>the</strong>astern Europe, Harry S. Truman Library, pp. 10-529 Andreas Hillgruber, Hitler, König Carol und Marschall Antonescu. Die deutsch-rumänischen Beziehungen 1938-1944 (Wiesbaden: Steiner 1954), p. 45. I. Benditer and Ion Ciupercă, Relaţii româno-germane în perioada 1928-1932, in Anuarul Institutului
de Istorie şi Arheologie, “A. D. Xenopol” 8 (1971): 317-330. (hereafter: A.I.I.A.I) Ion Ciupercă, N. Titulescu şi rolul statelor mici în viaţa internaţională contemporană în Titulescu şi strategia păcii, (Iaşi: Editura Junimea, 1982); Ion Ciuperca, “Locarno oriental, semnificaţia unui eşec (1925- 1937),” A.I.I.A.I. 34, no. 2; E. Bold and I. Ciupercă, Europa în derivă (1918- 1940). Din istoria relaţiilor internaţionale (Iaşi: Casa Editorială Demiurg, 2001). Armin Heinen, Die Legion “Erzengel Michael” in Rumänien. Soziale Bewegung und politische Organisation. Ein Beitrag zum Problem des internationalen Faschismus (München: Oldenbourg Verlag, 1986), pp. 322-335. Wolfgang Miege, Das Dritte Reich und die deutsche Volksgruppe in Rumänien 1933-1938 (Frankfurt a. M.: Lang, 1972); Johann Böhm, Deutsche in Rumänien und das Dritte Reich (Frankfurt a.M.: Lang, 1999); Vasile Ciobanu, Contribuţii la cunoaşterea istoriei saşilor transilvăneni 1918-1944 (Sibiu, Editura Hora, 2001), pp. 179-219. Hildrun Glass, Zerbrochene Nachbarschaft. Das deutsch jüdische Verhältnis in Rumänien 1918 1938 (München: Oldenbourg Verlag 1996), pp. 357-457, 527-560. Ibid., pp. 544-547. Constantin Iordan, La neutralité dans le sud-est européennes (1939-1941). Le cas de la Bulgarie et de la Grèce. Quelques repères, Revue des Etudes Sud-est Européennes 3 (1991), p. 171. Vasile Ciobanu, Contribuţii la cunoaşterea istoriei saşilor transilvăneni 1918-1944 (Sibiu. Editura Hora, 2001), pp. 236-264. Barbul, p. 189. Ancel, Documents,vol. 9, pp. 134-135. Ibid., doc.105, p. 280. Ibid., p.281. Ibid., p.284. Cuvântul (The Word), Bucharest, January 24, 1941. Horia Sima, Era libertăţii. Statul Naţional Legionar (The Era <strong>of</strong> Liberty: The National-Legionary State) (Madrid: Editura Mişcării Legionare, 1982), vol. 2, p. 79. Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office), Series D, vol. 11, doc. 652, p. 1094. (Referred to hereafter as DGFP.) Ancel, Documents, vol.9, doc.61, p.129. Memorandum by <strong>the</strong> Secretary <strong>of</strong> State, September 19, 1940, DGFP, vol. 11, doc. 75, pp. 126-28. Josef Goebbels, Tagebücher (München-Zurich, Herausgeben von Ralf Georg Reuth, Serie Piper), bd. 4, 1940-1942, p. 1524. Ibid., p. 1525. Letter from Himmler’s <strong>of</strong>fice to Ribbentrop, April 2, 1941, DGFP, vol. XII, doc. 258, pp. 443-444. Ancel, Documents, vol. 9, doc. 162, p. 423, The <strong>of</strong>fical protocol does not mention that Hitler shared <strong>the</strong> secret <strong>of</strong> operation Barbarossa. Cable from Mihai Antonescu to Romanian legation in Ankara, March 14, 1944, Foreign Ministry Archives, Ankara file, T1, p. 108. Transcript <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> conversation between Ribbentrop and Mihai Antonescu (excerpts), September 23, 1942. United Restitution Organization (URO), Sammlung (Frankfurt am Main: URO 1959), vol.IV, doc. 13, p. 578. Transcript from Cabinet meeting <strong>of</strong> August 5, 1941 (excerpt). Interior Ministry Archives, file 40010, vol. 9, p. 40. Ancel, Documents, vol. 6, Doc. 129, pp. 401-4. (Reproduced from Yad Vashem Archives, Micr<strong>of</strong>ilm JMl3102.)
Page 1 and 2: Final Repo
Page 3 and 4: Germany’s war against the
Page 5 and 6: which includes reputed experts led
Page 7 and 8: BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
Page 9 and 10: against which antisemites in <stron
Page 11 and 12: declaring in the p
Page 13 and 14: them. Thus, he con
Page 15 and 16: We must organize ourselves for a wa
Page 17 and 18: ureaucracy of wart
Page 19 and 20: this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
Page 21 and 22: promising leader of</strong
Page 23 and 24: organized a tariff and tax strike.
Page 25 and 26: Legion of
Page 27 and 28: less so in Romanian society as a wh
Page 29 and 30: This ambiguous, self-contradictory
Page 31 and 32: The Gigurtu government began to con
Page 33 and 34: The Case of Român
Page 35 and 36: Cuza’s argument that it is possib
Page 37 and 38: Românesc,” Sociologie Româneasc
Page 39 and 40: ole in the early 1
Page 41 and 42: European states, notably Romania an
Page 43 and 44: Germany's immediate interests at <s
Page 45 and 46: eligious communities, the</
Page 47: counterpart, “when [he] first met
Page 51 and 52: Romania. Muler to Luthe</st
Page 53 and 54: demands on territorial revisions an
Page 55 and 56: military mission to come to Romania
Page 57 and 58: High Command, informing the
Page 59 and 60: The Jews and the R
Page 61 and 62: Romanian army. Thus, in Ciudei in <
Page 63 and 64: antisemitism in Romanian society an
Page 65 and 66: Ibid., fond Micro-films, roll I.II,
Page 67 and 68: manifestations of
Page 69 and 70: power, as this power colonized West
Page 71 and 72: attraction, many Jews resettled in
Page 73 and 74: to defend itself; hence its support
Page 75 and 76: about the Holocaus
Page 77 and 78: Nichifor Crainic, “Dupa douazeci
Page 79 and 80: Isaia Tolan, “Revizuirea incetate
Page 81 and 82: X. Y. Z., “Rezolvarea problemei e
Page 83 and 84: andom searches and arrests, robberi
Page 85 and 86: Bucharest Prefectura. Almost two th
Page 87 and 88: epression was not ordered by Antone
Page 89 and 90: from villages and small towns. On J
Page 91 and 92: accident; it was contrived by <stro
Page 93 and 94: The second train to leave Iasi for
Page 95 and 96: care of th
Page 97 and 98: "premilitary," were also placed at
Page 99 and 100:
according to the o
Page 101 and 102:
Tighina Agreement On August 30, Tra
Page 103 and 104:
elieved Transnistria would be occup
Page 105 and 106:
the 331,000 Ukrain
Page 107 and 108:
those inside to take the</s
Page 109 and 110:
[longer] move.” After several wee
Page 111 and 112:
eappear a few seconds later and sig
Page 113 and 114:
operation and that “some
Page 115 and 116:
Bukovina and Bessarabia. Einsatzkom
Page 117 and 118:
other things, <str
Page 119 and 120:
Berezovka district and burn <strong
Page 121 and 122:
them in exchange f
Page 123 and 124:
transport of 2,000
Page 125 and 126:
Bulgarian, Turkish, Italian, or Swi
Page 127 and 128:
were at least 122,000 Jews. Bukovin
Page 129 and 130:
Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: T
Page 131 and 132:
Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136,
Page 133 and 134:
Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
Page 135 and 136:
Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblast
Page 137 and 138:
Cable from the Mil
Page 139 and 140:
1-1087, p. 114; list of</st
Page 141 and 142:
Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
Page 143 and 144:
child’s birth, would be considere
Page 145 and 146:
Indeed, the system
Page 147 and 148:
Romanianization instead of<
Page 149 and 150:
The Cultural Ghettoization
Page 151 and 152:
The Status of Jewi
Page 153 and 154:
give up any radios able to send and
Page 155 and 156:
Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
Page 157 and 158:
L.A., no. 99, p. 344. Trei ani de g
Page 159 and 160:
moral, social, and intellectual nee
Page 161 and 162:
gradually, in reality the</
Page 163 and 164:
except being defined as a Jew. I be
Page 165 and 166:
egulate and authorize, under <stron
Page 167 and 168:
y Lecca: Jews were privileged, and
Page 169 and 170:
through the activi
Page 171 and 172:
oth as a cry of re
Page 173 and 174:
After coming to power, the<
Page 175 and 176:
and then to send <
Page 177 and 178:
their non-evacuate
Page 179 and 180:
villages of <stron
Page 181 and 182:
Return of Roma Sur
Page 183 and 184:
(in many cases, the</strong
Page 185 and 186:
in Romania. History and Contemporar
Page 187 and 188:
THE ROLE OF ION ANTONESCU IN THE PL
Page 189 and 190:
December 16, 1941, meeting
Page 191 and 192:
me from carrying out the</s
Page 193 and 194:
did not do it because…the
Page 195 and 196:
more ironically, this leader’s wa
Page 197 and 198:
THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
Page 199 and 200:
Others 22 968 Magy
Page 201 and 202:
ultimatum but also consented to <st
Page 203 and 204:
military, political, and psychologi
Page 205 and 206:
command over the g
Page 207 and 208:
Huedin. The Jews of</strong
Page 209 and 210:
authorities set up two ghettos in <
Page 211 and 212:
Secuilor counties was carried out i
Page 213 and 214:
the procedure foll
Page 215 and 216:
deportation trains per day. While E
Page 217 and 218:
Deportation Trains from Nor
Page 219 and 220:
Câtcău Kackó Ciuc Csík Ciucea C
Page 221 and 222:
Rona de Sus Felsöróna Rozavica Ro
Page 223 and 224:
Bözödújfalu Bezidu Nou Budfalva
Page 225 and 226:
Nagysajó Şieu (Bistrita-Nasaud Co
Page 227 and 228:
(Indictment of Naz
Page 229 and 230:
Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
Page 231 and 232:
perceived by a significant part <st
Page 233 and 234:
Romanian government not to adopt <s
Page 235 and 236:
still alive in the
Page 237 and 238:
the Jews who worke
Page 239 and 240:
We have been informed that various
Page 241 and 242:
church bells announce the</
Page 243 and 244:
Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
Page 245 and 246:
Pozdnyakova, Yefrosiniya Starostina
Page 247 and 248:
Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
Page 249 and 250:
the examined cases
Page 251 and 252:
escape with negligible punishment;
Page 253 and 254:
immense scale, enslaved millions <s
Page 255 and 256:
means. The “ethnic Christian stat
Page 257 and 258:
it is evident that the</str
Page 259 and 260:
face să pară evident că victimel
Page 261 and 262:
viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
Page 263 and 264:
Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
Page 265 and 266:
members accepted as authoritative s
Page 267 and 268:
camp in January 1945, for several m
Page 269 and 270:
Beginning in the 1
Page 271 and 272:
such access was strictly supervised
Page 273 and 274:
enefit from translation into Englis
Page 275 and 276:
furthermore, he ha
Page 277 and 278:
lucrative Jewish business ever,”
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deaths of thousand
Page 281 and 282:
Treptow who was residing in Romania
Page 283 and 284:
Finally, it must b
Page 285 and 286:
A.) Integral Negationism Although <
Page 287 and 288:
other genocides re
Page 289 and 290:
mankind, such as wars; the<
Page 291 and 292:
age of 44, only on
Page 293 and 294:
After deploring the</strong
Page 295 and 296:
Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
Page 297 and 298:
See, for example, Giurescu who make
Page 299 and 300:
Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
Page 301 and 302:
Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
Page 303 and 304:
See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
Page 305 and 306:
Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
Page 307 and 308:
egained from the U
Page 309 and 310:
was a record of an
Page 311 and 312:
secondary school use. Those institu
Page 313:
including erecting statues, mountin
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