Final Report of the International Commission on the - Minority Rights ...

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Council consisting <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> trusted leaders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> local community. The Council included Lázár Albert (chairman), Ferenc Ordentlich, Samu Weinberger, Manó Weinberger, and Andor Agai. Dr. Oszkar Engelberg served as <strong>the</strong> ghetto’s chief physician and Zoltán Singer as its economic representative in charge <strong>of</strong> supplies. Sanitary conditions within <strong>the</strong> ghetto were miserable, as were <strong>the</strong> essential services and supplies. This was largely due to <strong>the</strong> malevolence <strong>of</strong> Veress, <strong>the</strong> mayor <strong>of</strong> Dej, and Dr. Zsigmond Lehnár, its chief health <strong>of</strong>ficer. The investigative teams for <strong>the</strong> search for valuables were as cruel in Dej as <strong>the</strong>y were everywhere else. Among those involved in such searches were József Fekete, József Gecse, Maria Fekete, Jenö Takacs, József Lakadár, and police <strong>of</strong>ficers Albert (Béla) Garamvolgyi, János Somorlyai, János Kassay and Miklós Désaknai. The ghetto was liquidated between May 28 and June 8 with <strong>the</strong> removal <strong>of</strong> 7,674 Jews in three transports. A few Jews managed to escape from <strong>the</strong> ghetto. Among <strong>the</strong>se was Rabbi József Paneth <strong>of</strong> Nagyilonda, who toge<strong>the</strong>r with nine members <strong>of</strong> his family was eventually able to get to safety in Romania. Şimleu Silvaniei. The ghettoization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews <strong>of</strong> Sălaj County was carried out under <strong>the</strong> command and supervision <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficials who had participated at <strong>the</strong> Satu Mare Conference <strong>of</strong> April 26: András Gazda, deputy county prefect; János Sréter, mayor <strong>of</strong> Zalău; József Udvari, mayor <strong>of</strong> Şimleu Silvaniei; Lt. Col. György Mariska, commander <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> county’s gendarmerie unit; Ferenc Elekes, police chief <strong>of</strong> Zalău; and István Pe<strong>the</strong>s, police chief <strong>of</strong> Şimleu Silvaniei Baron János Jósika, <strong>the</strong> prefect <strong>of</strong> Sălaj County, resigned immediately when he was informed by Gazda about <strong>the</strong> decisions taken at <strong>the</strong> 26 April conference. He was one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> few Hungarian <strong>of</strong>ficials who dared to take a public stand against <strong>the</strong> anti- Jewish actions, deeming <strong>the</strong>m both immoral and illegal. His successor, László Szlávi, an appointee <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Sztójay government, had no such scruples and cooperated fully in <strong>the</strong> implementation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> anti-Jewish measures. Soon after <strong>the</strong>ir return from Satu Mare, <strong>the</strong> conferees met at <strong>the</strong> Prefect’s <strong>of</strong>fice with Béla Sámi, <strong>the</strong> chief county clerk; Drs. Suchi and Ferenc Molnár, <strong>the</strong> chief health <strong>of</strong>ficials <strong>of</strong> Sălaj County and Şimleu Silvaniei, respectively; László Krasznai, <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> Şimleu District; and István Kemecsey, <strong>the</strong> technical services department <strong>of</strong> Şimleu Silvaniei, in order to select a site for <strong>the</strong> ghetto. The roundup <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews in Şimleu Silvaniei was carried out under <strong>the</strong> immediate command <strong>of</strong> István Pe<strong>the</strong>s; in Zalău under <strong>the</strong> leadership <strong>of</strong> Ferenc Elekes; and in <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> county under <strong>the</strong> direction <strong>of</strong> Gazda and <strong>the</strong> immediate command <strong>of</strong> Lt. Col. György Mariska. Among <strong>the</strong> sizable Jewish communities affected were those <strong>of</strong> Tăşnad and Crasna. The Jews <strong>of</strong> Sălaj County were concentrated in <strong>the</strong> Klein Brickyard <strong>of</strong> Cehei, in a marshy and muddy area about three miles from Şimleu Silvaniei. At its peak, <strong>the</strong> ghetto held about 8,500 Jews. Among <strong>the</strong>se were <strong>the</strong> Jews from <strong>the</strong> communities in <strong>the</strong> districts <strong>of</strong> Crasna, Cehu Silvaniei, Jibou, Şimleu Silvaniei, Supuru de Jos, Tăşnad, and Zalău. Since <strong>the</strong> brick-drying sheds were ra<strong>the</strong>r limited, many <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ghetto inhabitants were compelled to live under <strong>the</strong> open sky. The ghetto was guarded by a special unit <strong>of</strong> gendarmes from Budapest and operated under <strong>the</strong> command <strong>of</strong> Krasznai, one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most cruel ghetto commanders in Hungary. As a result <strong>of</strong> tortures, poor feeding, and a totally inadequate water supply in <strong>the</strong> ghetto, <strong>the</strong> Jews <strong>of</strong> Salaj County arrived at Auschwitz in very poor condition, so that an unusually large percentage were selected for gassing immediately upon arrival. The deportations from Cehei were carried out in three transports between May 31 and June 6. Satu Mare. Because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> relatively large concentration <strong>of</strong> Jews in Satu Mare County, <strong>the</strong> Hungarian
authorities set up two ghettos in <strong>the</strong> county: one in <strong>the</strong> city <strong>of</strong> Satu Mare and <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r in Baia Mare. At first Carei was also used as a concentration center for its local Jews and those in <strong>the</strong> neighboring communities. However, after a brief period, <strong>the</strong> Jews in <strong>the</strong> ghetto <strong>of</strong> Carei, which was under <strong>the</strong> leadership <strong>of</strong> a Jewish Council composed <strong>of</strong> István Antal, Jenö Pfeffermann, Ernö Deutsch, and Lajos Jakobovics, were transferred to <strong>the</strong> ghetto <strong>of</strong> Satu Mare. The county representatives at <strong>the</strong> Satu Mare Conference <strong>of</strong> April 26 included László Csóka, <strong>the</strong> mayor <strong>of</strong> Satu Mare; Endre Boér, <strong>the</strong> deputy county prefect; Zoltán Rogozi Papp, <strong>the</strong> deputy mayor <strong>of</strong> Satu Mare; Ernö Pirkler, <strong>the</strong> city’s secretary general; and representatives <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> local police and gendarmerie. The commissions for <strong>the</strong> apprehension <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews <strong>of</strong> Satu Mare and its environs were established at a meeting held shortly after <strong>the</strong> conference. It was chaired by Csóka and attended by representatives <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> police and gendarmerie, including Károly Csegezi, Béla Sárközi, and Jenö Nagy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> police and N. Deményi <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> gendarmerie. Members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> financial and educational boards <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city also participated in <strong>the</strong> work <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> commissions. The ghettoization in Satu Mare was carried out with <strong>the</strong> cooperation <strong>of</strong> Csóka; in <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> county <strong>the</strong> Jews were rounded up under <strong>the</strong> administrative command <strong>of</strong> Boér. At its peak <strong>the</strong> ghetto <strong>of</strong> Satu Mare held approximately 18,000 Jews. They were rounded up in <strong>the</strong> following eleven districts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> county: Ardud, Baia Mare, Carei, Copalnic Mănăştur, Csenger (now in Hungary), Fehérgyarmat (now in Hungary), Mátészalka (now in Hungary), Oraşu Nou, Satu Mare, Şomcuta Mare, and Seini. The commander <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ghetto was Béla Sárközi, <strong>the</strong> police <strong>of</strong>ficer in charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> local branch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National Central Alien Control Office (Külföldieker Ellenörzö Országos Központi Hatóság--KEOKH). The Jewish Council was headed by Zoltán Schwartz and included Samuel Rosenberg, <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jewish community, Singer, Lajos Vinkler, and József Borgida, all highly respected leaders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jewish community <strong>of</strong> Satu Mare. The searches for valuables were carried out with <strong>the</strong> customary cruelty by Sarközi, Csegezi, and Deményi. Their effectiveness was enhanced by <strong>the</strong> presence <strong>of</strong> a special unit <strong>of</strong> 50 gendarmes from nearby Mérk. The ghetto was liquidated through <strong>the</strong> deportation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews in six transports between May 19 and June 1. Baia Mare. The ghettoization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews <strong>of</strong> Baia Mare and <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> various communities in <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>astern districts <strong>of</strong> Satu Mare County was based on guidelines adopted a few days after <strong>the</strong> Satu Mare Conference. The meeting <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> local leaders was held at <strong>the</strong> headquarters <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Arrow Cross Party in Baia Mare, which was also attended by László Endre. The city was at first represented by Károly Tamás, <strong>the</strong> deputy mayor, but he was soon replaced by István Rosner, an assistant police chief, who proved more pliable. Among <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs present were Jenö Nagy, <strong>the</strong> police chief; Sándor Vajai, <strong>the</strong> former secretary general <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mayor’s <strong>of</strong>fice; Tibor Várhelyi, <strong>the</strong> commander <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> gendarmerie unit; Gyula Gergely, <strong>the</strong> head <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Arrow Cross Party in Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Transylvania; and József Haracsek, <strong>the</strong> president <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Baross Association (a highly anti-Semitic association <strong>of</strong> Christian businessmen). The ghetto for <strong>the</strong> Jews <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city <strong>of</strong> Baia Mare was established in <strong>the</strong> vacant lots <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> König Glass Factory; <strong>the</strong> Jews from <strong>the</strong> various communities in Baia Mare, Şomcuta Mare, and Copalnic Mănăştur districts were quartered in a stable and barn in Valea Borcutului about two miles from <strong>the</strong> city. The roundup <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews and <strong>the</strong> searches for valuables were carried out under <strong>the</strong> command <strong>of</strong> Jenö Nagy and Gyula Gergely with <strong>the</strong> involvement <strong>of</strong> SS-Hauptsturmführer Franz Abromeit. The ghetto <strong>of</strong> Baia Mare held approximately 3,500 Jews and that <strong>of</strong> Valea Borcutului over 2,000. Of <strong>the</strong> latter, only 200 found space in <strong>the</strong> stable and <strong>the</strong> barn; <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs had to be quartered outdoors. The commander in chief <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ghetto was Tibor Várhelyi. The Jews in <strong>the</strong> ghetto <strong>of</strong> Baia Mare were subjected to <strong>the</strong> tortures and
Page 1 and 2:
Final Repo
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Germany’s war against the
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which includes reputed experts led
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BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
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against which antisemites in <stron
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declaring in the p
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them. Thus, he con
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We must organize ourselves for a wa
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ureaucracy of wart
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this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
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promising leader of</strong
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organized a tariff and tax strike.
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Legion of
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less so in Romanian society as a wh
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This ambiguous, self-contradictory
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The Gigurtu government began to con
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The Case of Român
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Cuza’s argument that it is possib
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Românesc,” Sociologie Româneasc
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ole in the early 1
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European states, notably Romania an
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Germany's immediate interests at <s
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eligious communities, the</
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counterpart, “when [he] first met
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de Istorie şi Arheologie, “A. D.
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Romania. Muler to Luthe</st
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demands on territorial revisions an
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military mission to come to Romania
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High Command, informing the
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The Jews and the R
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Romanian army. Thus, in Ciudei in <
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antisemitism in Romanian society an
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Ibid., fond Micro-films, roll I.II,
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manifestations of
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power, as this power colonized West
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attraction, many Jews resettled in
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to defend itself; hence its support
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about the Holocaus
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Nichifor Crainic, “Dupa douazeci
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Isaia Tolan, “Revizuirea incetate
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X. Y. Z., “Rezolvarea problemei e
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andom searches and arrests, robberi
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Bucharest Prefectura. Almost two th
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epression was not ordered by Antone
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from villages and small towns. On J
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accident; it was contrived by <stro
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The second train to leave Iasi for
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care of th
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"premilitary," were also placed at
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according to the o
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Tighina Agreement On August 30, Tra
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elieved Transnistria would be occup
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the 331,000 Ukrain
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those inside to take the</s
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[longer] move.” After several wee
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eappear a few seconds later and sig
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operation and that “some
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Bukovina and Bessarabia. Einsatzkom
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other things, <str
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Berezovka district and burn <strong
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them in exchange f
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transport of 2,000
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Bulgarian, Turkish, Italian, or Swi
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were at least 122,000 Jews. Bukovin
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Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: T
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Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136,
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Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
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Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblast
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Cable from the Mil
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1-1087, p. 114; list of</st
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Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
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child’s birth, would be considere
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Indeed, the system
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Romanianization instead of<
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The Cultural Ghettoization
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The Status of Jewi
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give up any radios able to send and
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Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
Page 157 and 158: L.A., no. 99, p. 344. Trei ani de g
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Page 173 and 174: After coming to power, the<
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Page 179 and 180: villages of <stron
Page 181 and 182: Return of Roma Sur
Page 183 and 184: (in many cases, the</strong
Page 185 and 186: in Romania. History and Contemporar
Page 187 and 188: THE ROLE OF ION ANTONESCU IN THE PL
Page 189 and 190: December 16, 1941, meeting
Page 191 and 192: me from carrying out the</s
Page 193 and 194: did not do it because…the
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Page 197 and 198: THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
Page 199 and 200: Others 22 968 Magy
Page 201 and 202: ultimatum but also consented to <st
Page 203 and 204: military, political, and psychologi
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Page 207: Huedin. The Jews of</strong
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Page 215 and 216: deportation trains per day. While E
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Page 219 and 220: Câtcău Kackó Ciuc Csík Ciucea C
Page 221 and 222: Rona de Sus Felsöróna Rozavica Ro
Page 223 and 224: Bözödújfalu Bezidu Nou Budfalva
Page 225 and 226: Nagysajó Şieu (Bistrita-Nasaud Co
Page 227 and 228: (Indictment of Naz
Page 229 and 230: Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
Page 231 and 232: perceived by a significant part <st
Page 233 and 234: Romanian government not to adopt <s
Page 235 and 236: still alive in the
Page 237 and 238: the Jews who worke
Page 239 and 240: We have been informed that various
Page 241 and 242: church bells announce the</
Page 243 and 244: Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
Page 245 and 246: Pozdnyakova, Yefrosiniya Starostina
Page 247 and 248: Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
Page 249 and 250: the examined cases
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Page 253 and 254: immense scale, enslaved millions <s
Page 255 and 256: means. The “ethnic Christian stat
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face să pară evident că victimel
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viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
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Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
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members accepted as authoritative s
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camp in January 1945, for several m
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Beginning in the 1
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such access was strictly supervised
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enefit from translation into Englis
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furthermore, he ha
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lucrative Jewish business ever,”
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deaths of thousand
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Treptow who was residing in Romania
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Finally, it must b
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A.) Integral Negationism Although <
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other genocides re
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mankind, such as wars; the<
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age of 44, only on
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After deploring the</strong
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Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
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See, for example, Giurescu who make
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Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
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Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
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See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
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Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
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egained from the U
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was a record of an
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secondary school use. Those institu
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including erecting statues, mountin
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