Final Report of the International Commission on the - Minority Rights ...

you are in <strong>the</strong> pay <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Germans or assure you that <strong>the</strong>y have passed laws for <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> national
labor .
In his public declaration <strong>of</strong> support for <strong>the</strong> Iron Guard a year later, he, too, made it clear that <strong>the</strong>
relationship between Romanians and Jews was, in fact, a battle to <strong>the</strong> death:
Can <strong>the</strong> Romanian nation end its life in <strong>the</strong> saddest decay witnessed by history, undermined by misery
and syphilis, conquered by Jews and torn to pieces by foreigners, demoralized, betrayed, sold for a few
hundred million lei?
Iron Guard antisemitism, <strong>of</strong> course, was not limited to abstract consideration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature <strong>of</strong> Jews,
Romanians and <strong>the</strong>ir (non-)relationship. Legionary writers produced works intended to incite pogroms
and crimes, and designed practical proposals <strong>of</strong> mass murder. In 1938, Alexandru Razmerita, a Romanian
Orthodox priest, described a plan for <strong>the</strong> total elimination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews in <strong>the</strong> cities and <strong>the</strong>ir deportation to
forced labor camps in <strong>the</strong> countryside. Attempts to escape <strong>the</strong> work camps would be punished by
execution . Traian Herseni developed Legionary racial <strong>the</strong>ory, which combined <strong>the</strong> “doctrine <strong>of</strong>
inequality” with a “doctrine <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> betterment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> human races." Calling <strong>the</strong> racial purification <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>
Romanian people “a question <strong>of</strong> life and death,” Herseni argued for a eugenics program and <strong>the</strong> complete
separation <strong>of</strong> inferior races from <strong>the</strong> ethnic group .
Weakened by Carol’s dissolution <strong>of</strong> political parties in February 1938 and decimated after <strong>the</strong> killing
<strong>of</strong> Codreanu and <strong>the</strong> assassination <strong>of</strong> Prime Minister Armand Călinescu in reprisal in November 1938 and
September 1939, respectively, <strong>the</strong> Iron Guard got its first opportunity to give practical implementation to
its antisemitic ideology from inside government during <strong>the</strong> last few months <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Royal Dictatorship.
The Royal Dictatorship and <strong>the</strong> Jews
On February 13, 1938, Patriarch Miron Cristea, <strong>the</strong> first prime minister under <strong>the</strong> Royal Dictatorship,
issued a position statement that could not have been encouraging to Jews. The Patriarch established <strong>the</strong>
following goals:
…Repair <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> historical injustices <strong>of</strong> all sorts done to <strong>the</strong> dominant Romanian element, without acts
<strong>of</strong> injustice toward <strong>the</strong> long established national minorities… Reexamination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> acquisition <strong>of</strong>
citizenship after <strong>the</strong> war and annulment <strong>of</strong> all naturalizations made fraudulently and contrary to <strong>the</strong> vital
interests <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Romanians… This reexamination… will also promote broader economic participation by
<strong>the</strong> Romanian element. The organization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> departure from <strong>the</strong> country <strong>of</strong> foreign elements that,
recently established in <strong>the</strong> country, damage and weaken our Romanian ethnic national character. Romania
will cooperate… with o<strong>the</strong>r states that have an excess <strong>of</strong> Jewish population, helping [<strong>the</strong> Jews] to find
<strong>the</strong>ir own country…
The new Constitution promulgated by King Carol one week later promised equal rights to Romanian
citizens, regardless <strong>of</strong> ethnic origin or religion (Paragraph 5), but also called for “preference to <strong>the</strong>
majority nation”; allowed for laws that could differentially limit those rights (e.g., Paragraphs 12 and 22
regarding education and press freedom); restricted civil and military service to Romanian citizens
belonging to “<strong>the</strong> majority strata <strong>of</strong> society” (Paragraph 62); and effectively prevented Jews, with <strong>the</strong>
exception <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Chief Rabbi, from serving in parliament. Provisions regarding <strong>the</strong> granting <strong>of</strong> citizenship
to people who were not “ethnic Romanians” returned to <strong>the</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> Article 11 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1877 Constitution,
requiring a separate special law for each individual case.