Final Report of the International Commission on the - Minority Rights ...

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was usually <strong>the</strong> community secretary or registrar who prepared <strong>the</strong> lists; in larger towns, <strong>the</strong> preparation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lists was entrusted to young men not yet mobilized in <strong>the</strong> military labor service system. They usually acted in pairs, conscientiously canvassing <strong>the</strong> entire community, eager not to leave out a single street or building so as not to “deprive people <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir share <strong>of</strong> provisions.” The Nazis and <strong>the</strong>ir Hungarian accomplices set up <strong>the</strong>ir headquarters for <strong>the</strong> anti-Jewish drive in Munkács (now Mukacevo, Ukraine). At a ga<strong>the</strong>ring <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> top <strong>of</strong>ficials in charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> final solution on April 7, Endre spelled out <strong>the</strong> instructions for <strong>the</strong> implementation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> anti-Jewish drive in accordance with <strong>the</strong> provisions <strong>of</strong> Decree 6163/1944. He stipulated, among o<strong>the</strong>r things, that <strong>the</strong> Jews were to be concentrated in empty warehouses, abandoned or non-operational factories, brickyards, Jewish community establishments, Jewish schools and <strong>of</strong>fices, and synagogues. The Military Operational Zones Since <strong>the</strong> anti-Jewish measures could not be camouflaged and <strong>the</strong> mass evacuation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews was bound to create dislocations in <strong>the</strong> economic life <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> affected communities, <strong>the</strong> Nazis and <strong>the</strong>ir Hungarian accomplices felt compelled to provide a military rationale for <strong>the</strong> operations. They assumed, it turned out correctly, that <strong>the</strong> local population, including some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews, would understand <strong>the</strong> necessity for <strong>the</strong> removal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews from <strong>the</strong> approaching frontlines “in order to protect Axis interests from <strong>the</strong> machinations <strong>of</strong> Judeo-Bolsheviks.” On April 12, <strong>the</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers, ex post facto, declared Carpatho-Ru<strong>the</strong>nia and Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Transylvania - <strong>the</strong> first two areas slated for dejewification - to have become military operational zones as <strong>of</strong> April 1. The government appointed Béla Ricsóy-Uhlarik to serve as Government <strong>Commission</strong>er for <strong>the</strong> military operational zone in Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Transylvania. The Ghettoization and Concentration Master Plan The master plan worked out by <strong>the</strong> German and Hungarian anti-Jewish experts called for <strong>the</strong> ghettoization and concentration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews to be effected in a number <strong>of</strong> distinct phases: Jews in <strong>the</strong> rural communities and <strong>the</strong> smaller towns were to be rounded up and temporarily transferred to synagogues and/or community buildings. Following <strong>the</strong> first round <strong>of</strong> investigation in pursuit <strong>of</strong> valuables at <strong>the</strong>se “local ghettos,” <strong>the</strong> Jews rounded up in <strong>the</strong> rural communities and smaller towns were to be transferred to <strong>the</strong> ghettos <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> larger cities in <strong>the</strong>ir vicinity, usually <strong>the</strong> county seat. In <strong>the</strong> larger towns and cities Jews were to be rounded up and transferred to a specially designated area that would serve as a ghetto - totally isolated from <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> city. In some cities, <strong>the</strong> ghetto was to be established in <strong>the</strong> Jewish quarter; in o<strong>the</strong>rs, in abandoned or non-functional factories, warehouses, brickyards, or under <strong>the</strong> open sky. Jews were to be concentrated in centers with adequate rail facilities to make possible swift entrainment and deportation. During each phase, <strong>the</strong> Jews were to be subjected to special searches by teams composed <strong>of</strong> gendarmerie and police <strong>of</strong>ficials, assisted by local Nyilas and o<strong>the</strong>r accomplices, to compel <strong>the</strong>m to surrender <strong>the</strong>ir valuables. The plans for <strong>the</strong> implementation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ghettoization and deportation operations called for <strong>the</strong> launching <strong>of</strong> six territorially defined “mopping-up operations.” For this purpose, <strong>the</strong> country was divided into six operational zones, with each zone encompassing one or two gendarmerie districts. Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Transylvania was identified as Zone II, encompassing Gendarmerie District IX, headquartered in Cluj, and Gendarmerie District X, headquartered in Tîrgu-Mureş. The order <strong>of</strong> priority for <strong>the</strong> deportation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews was established with an eye on a series <strong>of</strong>
military, political, and psychological factors. Time was <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> essence because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fast approach <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Red Army. Politically it was more expedient to start in <strong>the</strong> eastern and nor<strong>the</strong>astern parts <strong>of</strong> Hungary because <strong>the</strong> central and local Hungarian authorities and <strong>the</strong> local population had less regard for <strong>the</strong> “Galician,” Eastern,” “alien,” and Yiddish-oriented masses than for <strong>the</strong> assimilated Jews. Their round-up for “labor” in Germany was accepted in many Hungarian rightist circles as doubly welcome: Hungary would get rid <strong>of</strong> its “alien” elements and would at <strong>the</strong> same time make a contribution to <strong>the</strong> joint war effort, <strong>the</strong>reby hastening <strong>the</strong> termination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> German occupation and <strong>the</strong> reestablishment <strong>of</strong> full sovereignty. The Ghettoization Decree Like <strong>the</strong> decision identifying Carpatho-Ru<strong>the</strong>nia and Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Transylvania as military operational zones, <strong>the</strong> decree stipulating <strong>the</strong> establishment <strong>of</strong> ghettos was adopted on an ex post facto basis. The government decree, issued on April 26, went into effect on April 28. Andor Jaross, <strong>the</strong> Minister <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Interior, outlined <strong>the</strong> rationale for, and <strong>the</strong> alleged objectives <strong>of</strong>, <strong>the</strong> decree at <strong>the</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> Ministers meeting <strong>of</strong> April 26. He claimed that in view <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir better economic status <strong>the</strong> Jews living in <strong>the</strong> cities had proportionally much better housing than non-Jews and <strong>the</strong>refore it was possible to “create a healthier situation” by rearranging <strong>the</strong> whole housing situation. Jews were to be restricted to smaller apartments and several families could be ordered to move in toge<strong>the</strong>r. National security, he fur<strong>the</strong>r argued, required that Jews be removed from <strong>the</strong> villages and <strong>the</strong> smaller towns into larger cities, where <strong>the</strong> chief local <strong>of</strong>ficials - <strong>the</strong> mayors or <strong>the</strong> police chiefs - would set aside a special section or district for <strong>the</strong>m. The crucial provisions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> decree relating to <strong>the</strong> concentration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews were included in Articles 8 and 9. The former provided that Jews could no longer live in communities with a population <strong>of</strong> under 10,000, while <strong>the</strong> latter stipulated that <strong>the</strong> mayors <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> larger towns and cities could determine <strong>the</strong> sections, streets, and buildings in which Jews were to be permitted to live. This legal euphemism in fact empowered <strong>the</strong> local authorities to establish ghettos. The location <strong>of</strong>, and <strong>the</strong> conditions within <strong>the</strong> ghettos consequently depended on <strong>the</strong> attitudes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mayors and <strong>the</strong>ir aides. The Ghettoization Conferences The details relating to <strong>the</strong> ghettoization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews in Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Transylvania were discussed and finalized at two conferences chaired by Endre. These were attended by <strong>the</strong> top Hungarian <strong>of</strong>ficials in charge <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> final solution and representatives <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> various counties and municipalities, including <strong>the</strong> county prefects and/or deputy prefects, mayors, and <strong>the</strong> police and gendarmerie commanders <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> affected counties. The first conference was held in Satu Mare on April 6, 1944, and was devoted to <strong>the</strong> dejewification operations in <strong>the</strong> counties <strong>of</strong> Gendarmerie District IX, namely Bistriţa-Năsăud, Bihor, Cluj, Satu Mare, Sălaj, and Someş. The second was held two days later in Târgu-Mureş, and was devoted to <strong>the</strong> concentration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews in <strong>the</strong> so-called Szekely Land, <strong>the</strong> counties <strong>of</strong> Gendarmerie District X: Ciuc, Trei Scaune, Mureş-Turda, and Odorheiu. Endre reviewed <strong>the</strong> procedures to be followed in <strong>the</strong> concentration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews as detailed in Decree No. 6163/1944, and Lajos Meggyesi, one <strong>of</strong> Endre’s closest associates, provided additional refinements relating to <strong>the</strong> confiscation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir wealth. The latter was particularly anxious to secure <strong>the</strong> Jews’ money, gold, silver, jewelry, typewriters, cameras, watches, rugs, furs, paintings, and o<strong>the</strong>r valuables. Lt. Col László Ferenczy revealed <strong>the</strong> preliminary steps already taken toward <strong>the</strong> ghettoization <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews, identifying <strong>the</strong> cities <strong>of</strong> Dej, Cluj, Baia Mare, Gherla, Oradea, Satu Mare, and Şimleu Silvaniei as <strong>the</strong> planned major concentration centers in Gendarmerie District IX. In <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> anti-Jewish operations, Bistriţa was added as an additional center, while Gherla was used only as a temporary assembly point, with those assembled <strong>the</strong>re being transferred to <strong>the</strong> ghetto <strong>of</strong> Cluj.
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Final Repo
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Germany’s war against the
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which includes reputed experts led
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BACKGROUND AND PRECURSORS TO THE HO
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against which antisemites in <stron
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declaring in the p
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them. Thus, he con
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We must organize ourselves for a wa
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ureaucracy of wart
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this direction by Nicolae C. Paules
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promising leader of</strong
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organized a tariff and tax strike.
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Legion of
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less so in Romanian society as a wh
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This ambiguous, self-contradictory
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The Gigurtu government began to con
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The Case of Român
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Cuza’s argument that it is possib
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Românesc,” Sociologie Româneasc
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ole in the early 1
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European states, notably Romania an
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Germany's immediate interests at <s
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eligious communities, the</
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counterpart, “when [he] first met
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de Istorie şi Arheologie, “A. D.
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Romania. Muler to Luthe</st
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demands on territorial revisions an
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military mission to come to Romania
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High Command, informing the
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The Jews and the R
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Romanian army. Thus, in Ciudei in <
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antisemitism in Romanian society an
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Ibid., fond Micro-films, roll I.II,
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manifestations of
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power, as this power colonized West
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attraction, many Jews resettled in
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to defend itself; hence its support
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about the Holocaus
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Nichifor Crainic, “Dupa douazeci
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Isaia Tolan, “Revizuirea incetate
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X. Y. Z., “Rezolvarea problemei e
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andom searches and arrests, robberi
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Bucharest Prefectura. Almost two th
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epression was not ordered by Antone
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from villages and small towns. On J
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accident; it was contrived by <stro
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The second train to leave Iasi for
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care of th
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"premilitary," were also placed at
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according to the o
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Tighina Agreement On August 30, Tra
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elieved Transnistria would be occup
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the 331,000 Ukrain
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those inside to take the</s
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[longer] move.” After several wee
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eappear a few seconds later and sig
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operation and that “some
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Bukovina and Bessarabia. Einsatzkom
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other things, <str
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Berezovka district and burn <strong
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them in exchange f
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transport of 2,000
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Bulgarian, Turkish, Italian, or Swi
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were at least 122,000 Jews. Bukovin
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Wilhelm Hoettl, The Secret Front: T
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Ancel, Documents, vol. 2: no. 136,
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Carp, Cartea neagra, vol. 3: pp. 30
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Gosudartsveni Archiv Odeskoi Oblast
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Cable from the Mil
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1-1087, p. 114; list of</st
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Ibid. “Rezolvarea problemei evrei
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child’s birth, would be considere
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Indeed, the system
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Romanianization instead of<
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The Cultural Ghettoization
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Page 155 and 156: Conclusions The anti-Jewish legisla
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Page 185 and 186: in Romania. History and Contemporar
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Page 189 and 190: December 16, 1941, meeting
Page 191 and 192: me from carrying out the</s
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Page 197 and 198: THE HOLOCAUST IN NORTHERN TRANSYLVA
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Page 201: ultimatum but also consented to <st
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Page 229 and 230: Randolph L. Braham, comp. and ed. (
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Page 243 and 244: Mitropolit pleaded with Mihai Anton
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Page 247 and 248: Ibid., pp. 224-225. Ibid., pp. 46-4
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immense scale, enslaved millions <s
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means. The “ethnic Christian stat
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it is evident that the</str
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face să pară evident că victimel
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viaţă, 100 milioane lei amendă
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Articolul 15 al Convenţiei de armi
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members accepted as authoritative s
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camp in January 1945, for several m
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Beginning in the 1
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such access was strictly supervised
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enefit from translation into Englis
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furthermore, he ha
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lucrative Jewish business ever,”
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deaths of thousand
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Treptow who was residing in Romania
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Finally, it must b
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A.) Integral Negationism Although <
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other genocides re
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mankind, such as wars; the<
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age of 44, only on
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After deploring the</strong
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Michael Shafir, “Ex Occidente Obs
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See, for example, Giurescu who make
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Randolph L. Braham, Romanian Nation
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Mediafax, March 18, 2002, Monitorul
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See Ibidem, pp. 3, 54-55. Ibidem, p
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Radu Theodoru, Mareşalul, Editura
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egained from the U
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was a record of an
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secondary school use. Those institu
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including erecting statues, mountin
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