The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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humans and led to its classification as a dangerous animal. Furthermore, the beating of the dog as punishment for gobbling down stolen food exemplified its physical abuse, whereas the consumption of its flesh marked its status as no different from any other edible animal. Both these types of treatment and the callous views of the dog suggest a negative attitude that contrasts sharply with the one mentioned above. The discussion of the texts that convey this contradictory attitude is divided into three sections: Section 1 surveys the evidence for the presence of the animal in the Classical Greek household, its role as a guardian, and the contradiction evident in its loyal and, at the same time, treacherous behavior. The section also discusses the popularity of the Molossian breed of guard dogs. Section 2 presents evidence that refers to the feeding behavior of the dog, that is, its propensity for stealing and eating up food, its cunning behavior, and the punishment corresponding to its offense. In addition, the section discusses the care that the animal received by having its food provided, but also its behavior as a scavenger, and ideas regarding the origin of its savage nature. Section 3 is a survey of testimony that refers to the practice of eating dogs as a marker of social class, and also as a dietary treatment for certain diseases. The arrangement of the texts within each section is chronological with the exception of a few instances where chronology has given way to other factors to further the cohesion of the argument. 152
SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the House Evidence that dogs lived in the premises of the Classical Greek house comes from a passage from Aristophanes’ Plutus (388 B.C.). The play opens at the house of Chremylus, a poor Athenian citizen, where Plutus, the god of wealth, appears as an old, blind man. Chremylus takes Plutus to a sanctuary of Asclepius, where he has his sight restored. This newfound ability enables Plutus to distinguish between virtuous but poor and wicked but rich citizens. In an attempt to eliminate these categories, Plutus establishes a new world where everyone is virtuous and rich, but the main effect of this act is the cessation of sacrificial offerings to the gods. Hermes visits the house of Chremylus to complain about the situation. He is first met by a slave named Carion: CARION Here, you, tell me, was it you that was knocking so hard on the door just now? HERMES No, I didn’t; I was going to, but you opened the door first. Now run quickly and call out your master, then his wife and children, then the servants, then the dog, then yourself, and then the pig. (Plut. 1100-1105) [44] The words of Hermes show that a dog was included among the residents of the house of Chremylus. This evidence does not automatically assign to the dog status equal to that of a member of Chremylus’s family, as it has been previously suggested, 225 but does 225 S. Lilja, Dogs in Ancient Greek Poetry (Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 56; Helsinki, 1976) 78-79, correctly notes that the passage cannot be used as evidence that dogs were considered members of the Classical Greek family. This point, she clarifies, is presented in a discussion of this passage by J. Löbe, “Notizen über der Hund aus griechischen und römischen Schriftstellern,” Mitteilungen aus dem Österlande 9 (1900) 33. The situation provides the ground for reference to modern notions of animals as members of the family. A. Katcher and A. Beck, Between Pets and People: The Importance of Animal Companionship (West Lafayette, 1983; rev. ed., 1996) 41, indicate that, in a survey regarding animals and the family, 87 percent of their subjects considered animals living with them as members of their family. In addition, another study focusing on adolescent pony-club members found that more than 80 percent of persons asked 153
Page 1 and 2:
The Judgment of Animals in Classica
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the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
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Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
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Introduction It is generally though
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of their art while maintaining awar
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connection between animals and life
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Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
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The examples just cited show that r
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studying freestanding statues of li
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particular, has dominated twentieth
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Regarding classical antiquity, the
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their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
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discussion of the sculpture to whic
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them. Consequently the Athenians wi
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subjects on the basis of which arti
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of the later (Hellenistic) developm
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The theory that naturalism played t
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we have seen or sensed in the past,
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valued criterion of judging works o
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more accurate observation and rende
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judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
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is still central to his argument, b
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wars, the symmetry of their tense p
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Archaic and Classical phases, follo
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the acquired skill of craftsmanship
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prevalence of naturalism in his vie
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The statement shows clearly that Bo
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of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
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Having expressed this idea, he pres
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5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
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animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
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quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
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valuable guide to the ancient inter
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importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
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lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
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Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
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a real animal might act in the real
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The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
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In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
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The statue proclaims its lifelikene
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and the man leading it, and the wom
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orrowed voice, the boundary between
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oundary between lifeless art and re
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had made a success of that as well,
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eference to the error of the Pliny
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form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
Page 111 and 112: markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
Page 113 and 114: little in the way of explanation. I
Page 115 and 116: een noted, a confluence of three di
Page 117 and 118: The Possibility of Influence from B
Page 119 and 120: “in the later fifth and fourth ce
Page 121 and 122: speaking of the style of Classical
Page 123 and 124: It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
Page 125 and 126: William Brown suggests that this pa
Page 127 and 128: the expense of realism, or to a com
Page 129 and 130: B.C. 178 Although not described in
Page 131 and 132: inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
Page 133 and 134: and degrees in which this combinati
Page 135 and 136: 2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
Page 137 and 138: just as odd a man and the beast doe
Page 139 and 140: The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
Page 141 and 142: ehavior, the description of Hector
Page 143 and 144: Despite its unclear authorship and
Page 145 and 146: animals and have the softest hair;
Page 147 and 148: with it. He provides this descripti
Page 149 and 150: Further, Willemsen’s observation
Page 151 and 152: The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
Page 153 and 154: that the author of the Physiognomic
Page 155 and 156: Those [animals] who have thin lips
Page 157 and 158: knowledge of the dog mating with ot
Page 159 and 160: serve their arrangement in Classica
Page 161: Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
Page 165 and 166: eferring first to the human family
Page 167 and 168: Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasiv
Page 169 and 170: that of a dog: his location on the
Page 171 and 172: In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
Page 173 and 174: Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
Page 175 and 176: thing is possible then,” said I,
Page 177 and 178: If anyone’s out of bread but has
Page 179 and 180: c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of t
Page 181 and 182: incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
Page 183 and 184: Aristotle indicates that Molossian
Page 185 and 186: untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
Page 187 and 188: the dog’s stealing of food within
Page 189 and 190: mythological dogs, such as those of
Page 191 and 192: Cleon of embezzling money while cam
Page 193 and 194: Although not provoked by the act of
Page 195 and 196: Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
Page 197 and 198: 190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
Page 199 and 200: Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
Page 201 and 202: egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
Page 203 and 204: e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
Page 205 and 206: The textual evidence discussed in t
Page 207 and 208: efers to some countries as consumer
Page 209 and 210: living together with humans brings
Page 211 and 212: example, states that “these lines
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and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
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with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
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flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
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ordinary food, but is not connected
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2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
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ensured only if one is willing to
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The literary evidence contained in
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practice of eating dog meat indicat
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product of an artistic process,”
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Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
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that is Friendship. They made her k
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assume that they referred to images
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the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
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tendency not to distinguish between
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zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
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econstructed as five consecutive fr
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To conclude the discussing of Herod
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Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
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With regard to the modern definitio
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Regarding modern translations of zw
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length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
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The fragment was initially assigned
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estates, whereas the middle part wo
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of sand and limestone chips. The po
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limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
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Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
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statement accords well with the pro
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pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
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Herodotus provides further insight
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evidence should be also added an Ar
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g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
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The passage is instructive for the
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the representations of enthroned Da
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Herodotus gives no details about th
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Grene, who says “little figures.
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theory has dominated scholarship. 5
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iders on horses that gallop to the
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inscription is in the form of a hea
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The existing blocks that form the b
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suggests a distinctive technique of
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The same type of information is rec
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addition, the inscriptions provide
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stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
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description for something, and ther
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Erechtheion, and also fragments of
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uilding, and also marked a technica
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Socrates likens the use of colors b
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on a surface produced by painting,
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outstanding allotment of happiness
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indicates that it was a term of gen
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government of the state. Four perso
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form a group of discussants on the
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prominently in Plato’s discussion
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“animals,” and Pangle, as “li
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general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
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And I do not think it is right that
Page 325 and 326:
contrasted to the representations o
Page 327 and 328:
Aristotle likens the formation of t
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paintings—also connected with zw&
Page 331 and 332:
The third occurrence of the term in
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kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
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temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
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of real bodies. When this meaning i
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Conclusions Animals are fundamental
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animals—as essential elements of
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scholarly interpretations of the pr
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The literary, epigraphical, and scu
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APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
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Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
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with no seal broken in the length o
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ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ pe
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17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
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watches, and when you happen to gap
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ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
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835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
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Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a
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xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_
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In Phasis there is a breed of small
Page 373 and 374:
Text and translation: D. M. Balme,
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ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
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e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
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μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
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λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
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the horse and the man appearing beh
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As for dogs, what can I say? In som
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Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
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Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~t
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asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h|
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110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
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Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
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Rub well silphium equal to one grai
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that on the peaks of a mountain fig
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Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
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a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
Page 405 and 406:
Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 407 and 408:
The accounts given by all us must b
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a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
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The eyes, the most beautiful featur
Page 413 and 414:
153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
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Another habit of his was when he ha
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for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
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dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k
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The characteristics of the brave ma
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oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1
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185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
Page 427 and 428:
the taste will make them less incli
Page 429 and 430:
“Cleiton, that your statues of ru
Page 431 and 432:
B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
Page 433 and 434:
_____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
Page 435 and 436:
A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
Page 437 and 438:
_____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440:
E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442:
M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444:
W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446:
R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448:
A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450:
H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452:
_____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454:
S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456:
C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458:
W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460:
C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461 and 462:
S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 463 and 464:
Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture fro
Page 465 and 466:
Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468:
Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
Page 469 and 470:
Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472:
Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
Page 473 and 474:
Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
Page 475 and 476:
Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
Page 477 and 478:
Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
Page 479 and 480:
Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
Page 481 and 482:
Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
Page 483:
Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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