The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog from the Kerameikos, Kerameikos Museum P 670 (L. Todisco, Scultura greca del IV secolo. Maestri e scuole di statuaria tra classicità ed ellenismo [Milan, 1993] fig. 185) Fig. 2 Archaic statue of a lion from Miletus, Berlin 1790 (J. Boardman, Greek Sculpture. The Archaic Period. A Handbook [London and New York 1978; repr. 1996] fig. 267) Fig. 3 Classical statue of a bull from the Kerameikos, Kerameikos Museum (no number) (L. Todisco, Scultura greca del IV secolo. Maestri e scuole di statuaria tra classicità ed ellenismo [Milan, 1993] fig. 187) Fig. 4 Classical inscription from a marble base of a statue from Demetrias, Thessaly (L. H. Jeffery, The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece. A Study of the Origin of the Greek Alphabet and Its Development from the Eighth to the Fifth Centuries B.C. [Oxford, 1961] pl. 11, fig. 8) Fig. 5 Lion savaging a bull, Hekatompedon pediment, Acropolis, Athens, Acropolis Museum 4 (J. M. Hurwit, The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archaeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present [Cambridge, 1999] 109, fig. 80) Fig. 6 Archaic statue of a lion from Perachora, Corinth, Boston, MFA 97.289 (C. C. Vermeule, Sculpture in Stone. The Greek, Roman and Etruscan Collections of the Museum of Fine Arts Boston [Boston, 1974] 9, fig. 15) Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion from Rome (?), New York, MMA 09.221.3 (J. Marshall, “Statue of a Lion” M.M.A Bulletin 5 (1910) 213) Fig. 8 Classical statue of a lion from the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, London, BM 1075 (G. B. Waywell, The Free-Standing Sculptures of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus in the British Museum [London, 1978] pl. 37, fig. 1) Fig. 9 Gold seal from Shaft Grave III at Mycenae, Athens, NM 34 (A. A. Donohue, “Zum Löwenschieber aus Schachtgrab III in Mykene,” AA 93 (1978) 261, fig. 1) Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fourth-third c. B.C. ?) (L. Todisco, Scultura greca del IV secolo. Maestri e scuole di statuaria tra classicità ed ellenismo [Milan, 1993] fig. 176) Fig. 11 Archaic statue of a dog from the sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia (?), Acropolis, Athens, Acropolis Museum 143 (H. Payne and G. Mackworth- 452
Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture from the Acropolis [New York, 1951] pl. 131, 3) Fig. 12a Classical statue of a dog from Pella, Pella Museum (no number) (P. M. Petsas, Pella. Alexander the Great’s Capital [Thessaloniki, 1978] 46, fig. 5) Fig. 12b Classical statue of a dog from Pella, Pella Museum (no number) (P. M. Petsas, Pella. Alexander the Great’s Capital [Thessaloniki, 1978] 47, fig. 6) Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand from the Kerameikos, Kerameikos Museum 407 (J. M. Hurwit, The Art and Culture of Early Greece, 1100-480 B.C. [Ithaca and London] 114, fig. 53) Fig. 14 Archaic marble base of a statue (cat-and-dog fight), right side, Athens, NM 3476 (A. Kosmopoulou, The Iconography of Sculptured Statue Bases in the Archaic and Classical Periods [Madison, 2002]) Fig. 15 Classical statue of a lion from the Kerameikos, Athens, NM 804 (L. Todisco, Scultura greca del IV secolo. Maestri e scuole di statuaria tra classicità ed ellenismo [Milan, 1993] fig. 178) Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terracotta figurine of a woman cooking with a dog by her side, Louvre Museum, CA 634 (A. Vigneau, The Photographic Encyclopaedia of Art: The Louvre Museum II [Paris, 1936] 172, fig. D) Fig. 17 Late Archaic Boeotian terracotta figurine of a woman with a dog by her side, Kassel Museum 523 (U. Sinn, Antike Terrakotten. Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Kassel [Kassel, 1977] pl. 1, fig. 25) Fig. 18 Archaic Cypriot terracotta figurine of a woman baking and a dog, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum V 1674 (A. Bernhard-Walcher et al., The Collection of Cypriote Antiquities in the Kunsthistorisches Museum [Vienna, 1999] 143, fig. 58) Fig. 19 Classical Attic red-figured lekythos depicting a woman feeding a dog, Rome, Accademia dei Lincei 2478, (S. Lewis, The Athenian Woman: An Iconographic Handbook [London and New York 2002] 71, fig. 2.13) Fig. 20 Classical Attic grave stele with a dog between two male figures, Athens NM 2894 (N. Kaltsas, tr. D. Hardy, Sculpture in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens [Los Angeles, 2002] 153, cat. no. and fig. 300) 453
Page 1 and 2:
The Judgment of Animals in Classica
Page 3 and 4:
the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
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Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
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Introduction It is generally though
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of their art while maintaining awar
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connection between animals and life
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Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
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The examples just cited show that r
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studying freestanding statues of li
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particular, has dominated twentieth
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Regarding classical antiquity, the
Page 31 and 32:
their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
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discussion of the sculpture to whic
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them. Consequently the Athenians wi
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subjects on the basis of which arti
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of the later (Hellenistic) developm
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The theory that naturalism played t
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we have seen or sensed in the past,
Page 45 and 46:
valued criterion of judging works o
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more accurate observation and rende
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judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
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is still central to his argument, b
Page 53 and 54:
wars, the symmetry of their tense p
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Archaic and Classical phases, follo
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the acquired skill of craftsmanship
Page 59 and 60:
prevalence of naturalism in his vie
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The statement shows clearly that Bo
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of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
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Having expressed this idea, he pres
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5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
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animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
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quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
Page 75 and 76:
valuable guide to the ancient inter
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importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
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lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
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Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
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a real animal might act in the real
Page 89 and 90:
The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
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In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
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The statue proclaims its lifelikene
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and the man leading it, and the wom
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orrowed voice, the boundary between
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oundary between lifeless art and re
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had made a success of that as well,
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eference to the error of the Pliny
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form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
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markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
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little in the way of explanation. I
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een noted, a confluence of three di
Page 117 and 118:
The Possibility of Influence from B
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“in the later fifth and fourth ce
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speaking of the style of Classical
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It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
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William Brown suggests that this pa
Page 127 and 128:
the expense of realism, or to a com
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B.C. 178 Although not described in
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inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
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and degrees in which this combinati
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2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
Page 137 and 138:
just as odd a man and the beast doe
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The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
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ehavior, the description of Hector
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Despite its unclear authorship and
Page 145 and 146:
animals and have the softest hair;
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with it. He provides this descripti
Page 149 and 150:
Further, Willemsen’s observation
Page 151 and 152:
The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
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that the author of the Physiognomic
Page 155 and 156:
Those [animals] who have thin lips
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knowledge of the dog mating with ot
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serve their arrangement in Classica
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Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
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SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the Hou
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eferring first to the human family
Page 167 and 168:
Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasiv
Page 169 and 170:
that of a dog: his location on the
Page 171 and 172:
In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
Page 173 and 174:
Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
Page 175 and 176:
thing is possible then,” said I,
Page 177 and 178:
If anyone’s out of bread but has
Page 179 and 180:
c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of t
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incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
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Aristotle indicates that Molossian
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untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
Page 187 and 188:
the dog’s stealing of food within
Page 189 and 190:
mythological dogs, such as those of
Page 191 and 192:
Cleon of embezzling money while cam
Page 193 and 194:
Although not provoked by the act of
Page 195 and 196:
Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
Page 197 and 198:
190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
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Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
Page 201 and 202:
egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
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e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
Page 205 and 206:
The textual evidence discussed in t
Page 207 and 208:
efers to some countries as consumer
Page 209 and 210:
living together with humans brings
Page 211 and 212:
example, states that “these lines
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and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
Page 215 and 216:
with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
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flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
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ordinary food, but is not connected
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2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
Page 223 and 224:
ensured only if one is willing to
Page 225 and 226:
The literary evidence contained in
Page 227 and 228:
practice of eating dog meat indicat
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product of an artistic process,”
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Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
Page 233 and 234:
that is Friendship. They made her k
Page 235 and 236:
assume that they referred to images
Page 237 and 238:
the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
Page 239 and 240:
tendency not to distinguish between
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zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
Page 243 and 244:
econstructed as five consecutive fr
Page 245 and 246:
To conclude the discussing of Herod
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Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
Page 249 and 250:
With regard to the modern definitio
Page 251 and 252:
Regarding modern translations of zw
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length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
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The fragment was initially assigned
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estates, whereas the middle part wo
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of sand and limestone chips. The po
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limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
Page 263 and 264:
Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
Page 265 and 266:
statement accords well with the pro
Page 267 and 268:
pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
Page 269 and 270:
Herodotus provides further insight
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evidence should be also added an Ar
Page 273 and 274:
g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
Page 275 and 276:
The passage is instructive for the
Page 277 and 278:
the representations of enthroned Da
Page 279 and 280:
Herodotus gives no details about th
Page 281 and 282:
Grene, who says “little figures.
Page 283 and 284:
theory has dominated scholarship. 5
Page 285 and 286:
iders on horses that gallop to the
Page 287 and 288:
inscription is in the form of a hea
Page 289 and 290:
The existing blocks that form the b
Page 291 and 292:
suggests a distinctive technique of
Page 293 and 294:
The same type of information is rec
Page 295 and 296:
addition, the inscriptions provide
Page 297 and 298:
stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
Page 299 and 300:
description for something, and ther
Page 301 and 302:
Erechtheion, and also fragments of
Page 303 and 304:
uilding, and also marked a technica
Page 305 and 306:
Socrates likens the use of colors b
Page 307 and 308:
on a surface produced by painting,
Page 309 and 310:
outstanding allotment of happiness
Page 311 and 312:
indicates that it was a term of gen
Page 313 and 314:
government of the state. Four perso
Page 315 and 316:
form a group of discussants on the
Page 317 and 318:
prominently in Plato’s discussion
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“animals,” and Pangle, as “li
Page 321 and 322:
general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
Page 323 and 324:
And I do not think it is right that
Page 325 and 326:
contrasted to the representations o
Page 327 and 328:
Aristotle likens the formation of t
Page 329 and 330:
paintings—also connected with zw&
Page 331 and 332:
The third occurrence of the term in
Page 333 and 334:
kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
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temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
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of real bodies. When this meaning i
Page 339 and 340:
Conclusions Animals are fundamental
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animals—as essential elements of
Page 343 and 344:
scholarly interpretations of the pr
Page 345 and 346:
The literary, epigraphical, and scu
Page 347 and 348:
APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
Page 349 and 350:
Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
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with no seal broken in the length o
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ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ pe
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17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
Page 361 and 362:
watches, and when you happen to gap
Page 363 and 364:
ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
Page 365 and 366:
835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
Page 367 and 368:
Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a
Page 369 and 370:
xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_
Page 371 and 372:
In Phasis there is a breed of small
Page 373 and 374:
Text and translation: D. M. Balme,
Page 375 and 376:
ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
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e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
Page 379 and 380:
μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
Page 381 and 382:
λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
Page 383 and 384:
the horse and the man appearing beh
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As for dogs, what can I say? In som
Page 387 and 388:
Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
Page 389 and 390:
Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~t
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asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h|
Page 393 and 394:
110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
Page 395 and 396:
Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
Page 397 and 398:
Rub well silphium equal to one grai
Page 399 and 400:
that on the peaks of a mountain fig
Page 401 and 402:
Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 403 and 404:
a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
Page 405 and 406:
Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 407 and 408:
The accounts given by all us must b
Page 409 and 410:
a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
Page 411 and 412: The eyes, the most beautiful featur
Page 413 and 414: 153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
Page 415 and 416: Another habit of his was when he ha
Page 417 and 418: for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
Page 419 and 420: dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k
Page 421 and 422: The characteristics of the brave ma
Page 423 and 424: oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1
Page 425 and 426: 185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
Page 427 and 428: the taste will make them less incli
Page 429 and 430: “Cleiton, that your statues of ru
Page 431 and 432: B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
Page 433 and 434: _____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
Page 435 and 436: A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
Page 437 and 438: _____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440: E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442: M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444: W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446: R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448: A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450: H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452: _____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454: S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456: C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458: W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460: C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461: S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 465 and 466: Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468: Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
Page 469 and 470: Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472: Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
Page 473 and 474: Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
Page 475 and 476: Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
Page 477 and 478: Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
Page 479 and 480: Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
Page 481 and 482: Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
Page 483: Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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