The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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e3teron le/ontoj, kai\ e0k kuno_j a1rrenoj kai\ le/ontoj qh&leoj e3teron kai\ e0k le/ontoj a1rrenoj kai\ kuno_j qh&leoj e3teron: Two animals which differ in species produce offspring which differs in species; for instance, a dog differs in species from a lion, and the offspring of a male dog and a female lion is different in species; so is the offspring of a male lion and a female dog. 52 Aristotle, De Memoria et Reminiscentia 450b-451a IV B.C. Text: W. D. Ross, ed., Aristotle. Parva Naturalia (Oxford, 1955; repr. 1970). Translation: W. S. Hett, ed., tr., Aristotle VIII. On the Soul. Parva Naturalia. On Breath (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1995). oi[on ga_r to_ e0n pi/naki gegramme/non zw|~on kai\ zw|~o&n e0sti kai\ ei0kw&n, kai\ to_ au)to_ kai\ e4n tou~t' e0sti\n a1mfw, to_ me/ntoi ei]nai ou) tau)to_n a)mfoi=n, kai\ e1sti qewrei=n kai\ w(j zw|~on kai\ w(j ei0ko&na, ou3tw kai\ to_ e0n h(mi=n fa&ntasma dei= u(polabei=n kai\ au)to& ti kaq' au(to_ ei]nai kai\ a1llou [fa&ntasma]. h| { me\n ou}n kaq' au(to&, qew&rhma h2 fa&ntasma& e0stin, h| { d' a1llou, oi[on ei0kw_n kai\ mnhmo&neuma. w3ste kai\ o3tan e0nergh|~ h( ki/nhsij au)tou~, a2n me\n h| { kaq' au(to& e0sti, tau&th| ai0sqa&nhtai h( yuxh_ au)tou~, oi[on no&hma& ti h2 fa&ntasma fai/netai e0pelqei=n: a2n d' h| { a1llou kai\ w3sper e0n th|~ grafh|~ w(j ei0ko&na qewrei= kai/, mh__ e9wrakw_j to_n Kori/skon, w(j Kori/skou, e0ntau~qa& te a1llo to_ pa&qoj th~j qewri/aj tau&thj kai\ o3tan w(j zw|~on gegramme/non qewrh|~, e1n te th|~ yuxh|~ to_ me\n gi/gnetai w3sper no&hma mo&non, to_ d' w(j e0kei= o3ti ei0kw&n, mnhmo&neuma. Just as the picture painted on the panel is at once a picture and a portrait, and though one and the same, is both, yet the essence of the two is not the same, and it is possible to think of it as a picture and as a portrait, so in the same way we must regard the mental picture within us both as an object of contemplation in itself and as a mental picture of something else. In so far as we consider it in itself, it is an object of contemplation or a mental picture, but in so far as we consider it in relation to something else, e.g., as a likeness, it is also an aid to memory. Hence when the stimulus of it is operative, if the soul perceives the impression as independent, it appears to occur as a thought, or a mental picture; but if it is considered in relation to something else, it is as though one contemplated a figure in the picture as a portrait, e.g., of Coriscus, although he has not just seen Coriscus. As in this case the affection caused by the contemplation differs from that which is caused then one contemplates the object merely as a painted picture, so in the soul the one object appears as a mere thought, but the other, being (as in the former case) a likeness, is an aid to memory. 53 Aristotle, Ethica Nicomachea 3.10.7 IV B.C. Text and translation: H. Rackham, ed., tr., Aristotle. The Nicomachean Ethics (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1926; repr. 1956). ou)de\ ga_r tai=j o)smai=j tw~n lagww~n ai9 ku&nej 358
xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_n d' ai1sqhsin h( o)smh_ e0poi/hsen: Hounds do not take pleasure in scenting hares, but in eating them; the scent merely made them aware of the hare. 54 Aristotle, Historia Animalium 488b IV B.C. Text and translation: A. L. Peck, ed., tr., Aristotle. Historia Animalium I (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1965). ta_ d' e0leuqe/ria kai\ a)ndrei=a kai\ eu)genh~, oi[on le/wn. Other [animals] are noble and brave and high-bred, e.g., the lion. 55 Aristotle, Historia Animalium 490b IV B.C. Text and translation: A. L. Peck, ed., tr., Aristotle. Historia Animalium I (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1965). Tou~ de\ ge/nouj tou~ tw~n tetrapo&dwn zw|&wn kai\ zw|oto&kwn ei1dh me/n e0sti polla&, a)nw&numa de/: a)lla_ kaq' e3kaston au)tw~n w(j ei0pei=n, w3sper a1nqrwpoj ei1rhtai, le/wn, e1lafoj, i3ppoj, ku&wn kai\ ta}lla tou~ton to_n tro&pon, There are many kinds included in the group of viviparous quadrupeds; but they are unnamed. Each constituent, we may say, has been named individually, as man has, e.g., lion, deer, horse, dog, and the rest of them in the same way. 56 Aristotle, Historia Animalium 501a IV B.C. Text and translation: A. L. Peck, ed., tr., Aristotle. Historia Animalium I (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1965). 1Eti de\ ta_ me/n e0sti karxaro&donta au)tw~n, oi[on le/wn kai\ pa&rdalij kai\ ku&wn. Some of them [animals] are saw-toothed, e.g., the lion, the leopard, and the dog. 57 Aristotle, Historia Animalium 502a IV B.C. Text and translation: A. L. Peck, ed., tr., Aristotle. Historia Animalium I (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1965). 359
Page 1 and 2:
The Judgment of Animals in Classica
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the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
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Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
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Introduction It is generally though
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of their art while maintaining awar
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connection between animals and life
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Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
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The examples just cited show that r
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studying freestanding statues of li
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particular, has dominated twentieth
Page 29 and 30:
Regarding classical antiquity, the
Page 31 and 32:
their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
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discussion of the sculpture to whic
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them. Consequently the Athenians wi
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subjects on the basis of which arti
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of the later (Hellenistic) developm
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The theory that naturalism played t
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we have seen or sensed in the past,
Page 45 and 46:
valued criterion of judging works o
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more accurate observation and rende
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judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
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is still central to his argument, b
Page 53 and 54:
wars, the symmetry of their tense p
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Archaic and Classical phases, follo
Page 57 and 58:
the acquired skill of craftsmanship
Page 59 and 60:
prevalence of naturalism in his vie
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The statement shows clearly that Bo
Page 63 and 64:
of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
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Having expressed this idea, he pres
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5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
Page 69 and 70:
animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
Page 73 and 74:
quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
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valuable guide to the ancient inter
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importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
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lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
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Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
Page 87 and 88:
a real animal might act in the real
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The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
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In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
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The statue proclaims its lifelikene
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and the man leading it, and the wom
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orrowed voice, the boundary between
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oundary between lifeless art and re
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had made a success of that as well,
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eference to the error of the Pliny
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form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
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markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
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little in the way of explanation. I
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een noted, a confluence of three di
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The Possibility of Influence from B
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“in the later fifth and fourth ce
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speaking of the style of Classical
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It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
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William Brown suggests that this pa
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the expense of realism, or to a com
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B.C. 178 Although not described in
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inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
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and degrees in which this combinati
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2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
Page 137 and 138:
just as odd a man and the beast doe
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The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
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ehavior, the description of Hector
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Despite its unclear authorship and
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animals and have the softest hair;
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with it. He provides this descripti
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Further, Willemsen’s observation
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The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
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that the author of the Physiognomic
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Those [animals] who have thin lips
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knowledge of the dog mating with ot
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serve their arrangement in Classica
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Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
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SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the Hou
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eferring first to the human family
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Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasiv
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that of a dog: his location on the
Page 171 and 172:
In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
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Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
Page 175 and 176:
thing is possible then,” said I,
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If anyone’s out of bread but has
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c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of t
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incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
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Aristotle indicates that Molossian
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untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
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the dog’s stealing of food within
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mythological dogs, such as those of
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Cleon of embezzling money while cam
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Although not provoked by the act of
Page 195 and 196:
Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
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190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
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Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
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egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
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e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
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The textual evidence discussed in t
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efers to some countries as consumer
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living together with humans brings
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example, states that “these lines
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and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
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with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
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flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
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ordinary food, but is not connected
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2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
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ensured only if one is willing to
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The literary evidence contained in
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practice of eating dog meat indicat
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product of an artistic process,”
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Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
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that is Friendship. They made her k
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assume that they referred to images
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the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
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tendency not to distinguish between
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zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
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econstructed as five consecutive fr
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To conclude the discussing of Herod
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Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
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With regard to the modern definitio
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Regarding modern translations of zw
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length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
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The fragment was initially assigned
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estates, whereas the middle part wo
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of sand and limestone chips. The po
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limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
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Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
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statement accords well with the pro
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pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
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Herodotus provides further insight
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evidence should be also added an Ar
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g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
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The passage is instructive for the
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the representations of enthroned Da
Page 279 and 280:
Herodotus gives no details about th
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Grene, who says “little figures.
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theory has dominated scholarship. 5
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iders on horses that gallop to the
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inscription is in the form of a hea
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The existing blocks that form the b
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suggests a distinctive technique of
Page 293 and 294:
The same type of information is rec
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addition, the inscriptions provide
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stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
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description for something, and ther
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Erechtheion, and also fragments of
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uilding, and also marked a technica
Page 305 and 306:
Socrates likens the use of colors b
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on a surface produced by painting,
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outstanding allotment of happiness
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indicates that it was a term of gen
Page 313 and 314:
government of the state. Four perso
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form a group of discussants on the
Page 317 and 318: prominently in Plato’s discussion
Page 319 and 320: “animals,” and Pangle, as “li
Page 321 and 322: general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
Page 323 and 324: And I do not think it is right that
Page 325 and 326: contrasted to the representations o
Page 327 and 328: Aristotle likens the formation of t
Page 329 and 330: paintings—also connected with zw&
Page 331 and 332: The third occurrence of the term in
Page 333 and 334: kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
Page 335 and 336: temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
Page 337 and 338: of real bodies. When this meaning i
Page 339 and 340: Conclusions Animals are fundamental
Page 341 and 342: animals—as essential elements of
Page 343 and 344: scholarly interpretations of the pr
Page 345 and 346: The literary, epigraphical, and scu
Page 347 and 348: APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
Page 349 and 350: Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
Page 351 and 352: with no seal broken in the length o
Page 353 and 354: ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ pe
Page 355 and 356: 17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
Page 357 and 358: 26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
Page 359 and 360: 33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
Page 361 and 362: watches, and when you happen to gap
Page 363 and 364: ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
Page 365 and 366: 835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
Page 367: Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a
Page 371 and 372: In Phasis there is a breed of small
Page 373 and 374: Text and translation: D. M. Balme,
Page 375 and 376: ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
Page 377 and 378: e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
Page 379 and 380: μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
Page 381 and 382: λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
Page 383 and 384: the horse and the man appearing beh
Page 385 and 386: As for dogs, what can I say? In som
Page 387 and 388: Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
Page 389 and 390: Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~t
Page 391 and 392: asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h|
Page 393 and 394: 110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
Page 395 and 396: Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
Page 397 and 398: Rub well silphium equal to one grai
Page 399 and 400: that on the peaks of a mountain fig
Page 401 and 402: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 403 and 404: a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
Page 405 and 406: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 407 and 408: The accounts given by all us must b
Page 409 and 410: a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
Page 411 and 412: The eyes, the most beautiful featur
Page 413 and 414: 153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
Page 415 and 416: Another habit of his was when he ha
Page 417 and 418: for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
Page 419 and 420:
dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k
Page 421 and 422:
The characteristics of the brave ma
Page 423 and 424:
oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1
Page 425 and 426:
185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
Page 427 and 428:
the taste will make them less incli
Page 429 and 430:
“Cleiton, that your statues of ru
Page 431 and 432:
B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
Page 433 and 434:
_____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
Page 435 and 436:
A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
Page 437 and 438:
_____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440:
E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442:
M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444:
W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446:
R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448:
A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450:
H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452:
_____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454:
S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456:
C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458:
W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460:
C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461 and 462:
S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 463 and 464:
Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture fro
Page 465 and 466:
Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468:
Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
Page 469 and 470:
Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472:
Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
Page 473 and 474:
Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
Page 475 and 476:
Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
Page 477 and 478:
Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
Page 479 and 480:
Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
Page 481 and 482:
Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
Page 483:
Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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