The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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Text and translation: C. F. Smith, ed., tr., Thucydides I. History of the Peloponnesian War Books I and II (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1919; rev. and repr. 1928; repr. 1980). Geno&menon ga_r krei=sson lo&gou to_ ei]doj th~j no&sou ta& te a1lla xalepwte/rwj h2 kata_ th_n a)nqrwpei/an fu&sin prose/pipten e9ka&stw| kai\ e0n tw|~de e0dh&lwse ma&lista a1llo ti o2n h2 tw~n cuntro&fwn ti: ta_ ga_r o1rnea kai\ tetra&poda o3sa a)nqrw&pwn a3ptetai pollw~n a)ta&fwn gignome/nwn h2 ou) prosh|&ei h2 geusa&mena diefqei/reto. tekmh&rion de/: tw~n me\n toiou&twn o)rni/qwn e0pi/leiyij safh_j e0ge/neto, kai\ ou)x e9wrw~nto ou1te a1llwj ou1te peri\ toiou~ton ou)de/n: oi9 de\ ku&nej ma~llon ai1sqhsin parei=xon tou~ a)pobai/nontoj dia_ to_ cundiaita~sqai. Indeed the character of the disease proved such that it baffles description, the violence of the attack being in each case too great for human nature to endure, while in one way in particular it showed plainly that it was different from any of the familiar diseases: the birds, namely, and the fourfooted animals, which usually feed upon human bodies, either would not now come near them, though man lay unburied, or died if they tasted them. The evidence for this is that birds of this kind became noticeably scarce, and they were no longer to be seen either about the bodies or anywhere else; while the dogs gave a still better opportunity to observe what happened, because they live with man. 188 Varro, Rustica 2.9.8-2.9.10 I B.C. Text and translation: W. D. Hooper, ed., tr., Marcus Porcius Cato. On Agriculture. Marcus Terentius Varro. On Agriculture; rev. H. B. Ash (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1934; rev. and repr. 1935; repr. 1993). Cibatus cnis proprior hominis quam ovis. Pascitur enim eduliis et ossibus, nn herbis aut fronde. Diligenter ut habeat cibaria providendum. Fames enim hos ad quaerendum cibum ducet, si non praebebitur, et a pecore abducet; nisi si, ut quidam putant, etiam illuc pervenerint, proverbium ut tollant anticum vel etiam ut aperiant de Actaeone atque in dominum adferant dentes. Nec non ita panem hordeaciim dandum, ut non potius eum in lacte des intritum, quod eo consueti cibo uti a pecore non cito desciscunt. Morticinae ovis non patiuntur vesci carne, ne ducti sapore minus se abstineant. Dant etiam ius ex ossibus et ea ipsa ossa contuse. Dentes enim facit firmiores et os magis patulum, propterea quod vehementius diducuntur malae, acrioresque fiunt propter medullarum saporem. Cibum capere consuescunt interdiu, ubi pascuntur, vesperi, ubi stabulantur. The food of dogs is morelike that of man than that of sheep: they eat scraps of meat and bones, not grass and leaves. Great care must be taen for their supply of food; for hunger wull drive them to hunt for food, if it is not provided, and take them away from the flock—even if they do not, as some think, come to the point of disproving the ancient proverb, or even go so far as to enact the story of Actaeon, and sink their teeth in their master. You should also feed them barley bread, but not without soaking it in milk; for when they have become accustomed to eating that kind of food they will not soon stray from the flock They are not allowed to feed on the flesh of the dead sheep, for fear that 416
the taste will make them less inclined to spare the flock. They are also fed on bone soup and even broken bones as well; for these make their teeth stronger and their mouths of wider stretch, because their jaws are spread with greater force, and the savour of the marrow makes them moe keen. Their habit is to eat during the day when they are out with the flocks, and at evening when these are folded. 189 Xenophon, Cynegeticus 3.1 V-IV B.C. Text and translation: E. C. Marchant, ed., tr., Xenophon VII. Scripta Minora (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1925; repr. 1984). Ta_ de\ ge/nh tw~n kunw~n ditta&, ai9 me\n kasto&riai, ai9 de\ a)lwpeki/dej. e1xousi d' ai9 me\n kasto&riai th_n e0pwnumi/an tau&thn o3ti Ka&stwr h(sqei\j tw|~ e1rgw| ma&lista au)ta_j diefu&lacen: ai9 d' a)lwpeki/dej dio&ti e0k kunw~n te kai\ a)lwpe/kwn e0ge/nonto: e0n pollw|~ de\ xro&nw| sugke/kratai au)tw~n h( fu&sij. The hounds used are of two kinds, the Castorian and the Vulpine. The Castorian is so called because Castor paid special attention to the breed, making a hobby of the business. The Vulpine is a hybrid between the dog and the fox: hence the name. In the course of time the nature of the parents has become fused. 190 Xenophon, Cynegeticus 4.1 V-IV B.C. Text and translation: E. C. Marchant, ed., tr., Xenophon VII. Scripta Minora (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1925; repr. 1984). Prw~ton me\n ou}n xrh_ ei]nai mega&laj, ei]ta e0xou&saj ta_j kefala_j e0lafra&j, sima&j, a)rqrw&deij, i0nw&dh ta_ ka&twqen tw~n metw&pwn, o1mmata mete/wra, me/lana, lampra&, me/twpa plate/a, ta_j diakri/seij baqei/av. First, then, they [hunting dogs] should be big: Next, the head should be light, flat and muscular; the lower parts of the forehead sinewy; the eyes prominent, black and sparkling; the forehead broad, with a deep dividing line. 191 Xenophon, Cynegeticus 7.4 V-IV B.C. Text and translation: E. C. Marchant, ed., tr., Xenophon VII. Scripta Minora (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1925; repr. 1984). e0peida_n de\ plana~tai ta_ skula&kia h1dh, dido&nai ga&la me/xri e0niautou~ kai\ oi[j me/llei to_n a3panta xro&non biw&sesqai, a1llo de\ mhde/n: ai9 ga_r barei=ai plhsmonai\ tw~n skulaki/wn diastre/fousi ta_ ske/lh, toi=j sw&masi no&souj e0mpoiou~si, kai\ ta_ e0nto_j a1dika gi/gnetai. 417
Page 1 and 2:
The Judgment of Animals in Classica
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the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
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Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
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Introduction It is generally though
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of their art while maintaining awar
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connection between animals and life
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Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
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The examples just cited show that r
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studying freestanding statues of li
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particular, has dominated twentieth
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Regarding classical antiquity, the
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their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
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discussion of the sculpture to whic
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them. Consequently the Athenians wi
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subjects on the basis of which arti
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of the later (Hellenistic) developm
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The theory that naturalism played t
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we have seen or sensed in the past,
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valued criterion of judging works o
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more accurate observation and rende
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judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
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is still central to his argument, b
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wars, the symmetry of their tense p
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Archaic and Classical phases, follo
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the acquired skill of craftsmanship
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prevalence of naturalism in his vie
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The statement shows clearly that Bo
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of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
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Having expressed this idea, he pres
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5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
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animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
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quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
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valuable guide to the ancient inter
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importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
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lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
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Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
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a real animal might act in the real
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The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
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In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
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The statue proclaims its lifelikene
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and the man leading it, and the wom
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orrowed voice, the boundary between
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oundary between lifeless art and re
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had made a success of that as well,
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eference to the error of the Pliny
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form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
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markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
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little in the way of explanation. I
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een noted, a confluence of three di
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The Possibility of Influence from B
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“in the later fifth and fourth ce
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speaking of the style of Classical
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It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
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William Brown suggests that this pa
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the expense of realism, or to a com
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B.C. 178 Although not described in
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inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
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and degrees in which this combinati
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2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
Page 137 and 138:
just as odd a man and the beast doe
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The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
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ehavior, the description of Hector
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Despite its unclear authorship and
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animals and have the softest hair;
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with it. He provides this descripti
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Further, Willemsen’s observation
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The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
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that the author of the Physiognomic
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Those [animals] who have thin lips
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knowledge of the dog mating with ot
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serve their arrangement in Classica
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Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
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SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the Hou
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eferring first to the human family
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Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasiv
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that of a dog: his location on the
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In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
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Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
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thing is possible then,” said I,
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If anyone’s out of bread but has
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c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of t
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incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
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Aristotle indicates that Molossian
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untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
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the dog’s stealing of food within
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mythological dogs, such as those of
Page 191 and 192:
Cleon of embezzling money while cam
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Although not provoked by the act of
Page 195 and 196:
Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
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190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
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Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
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egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
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e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
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The textual evidence discussed in t
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efers to some countries as consumer
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living together with humans brings
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example, states that “these lines
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and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
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with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
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flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
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ordinary food, but is not connected
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2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
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ensured only if one is willing to
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The literary evidence contained in
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practice of eating dog meat indicat
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product of an artistic process,”
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Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
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that is Friendship. They made her k
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assume that they referred to images
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the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
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tendency not to distinguish between
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zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
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econstructed as five consecutive fr
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To conclude the discussing of Herod
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Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
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With regard to the modern definitio
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Regarding modern translations of zw
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length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
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The fragment was initially assigned
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estates, whereas the middle part wo
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of sand and limestone chips. The po
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limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
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Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
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statement accords well with the pro
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pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
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Herodotus provides further insight
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evidence should be also added an Ar
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g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
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The passage is instructive for the
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the representations of enthroned Da
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Herodotus gives no details about th
Page 281 and 282:
Grene, who says “little figures.
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theory has dominated scholarship. 5
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iders on horses that gallop to the
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inscription is in the form of a hea
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The existing blocks that form the b
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suggests a distinctive technique of
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The same type of information is rec
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addition, the inscriptions provide
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stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
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description for something, and ther
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Erechtheion, and also fragments of
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uilding, and also marked a technica
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Socrates likens the use of colors b
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on a surface produced by painting,
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outstanding allotment of happiness
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indicates that it was a term of gen
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government of the state. Four perso
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form a group of discussants on the
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prominently in Plato’s discussion
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“animals,” and Pangle, as “li
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general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
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And I do not think it is right that
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contrasted to the representations o
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Aristotle likens the formation of t
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paintings—also connected with zw&
Page 331 and 332:
The third occurrence of the term in
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kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
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temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
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of real bodies. When this meaning i
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Conclusions Animals are fundamental
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animals—as essential elements of
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scholarly interpretations of the pr
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The literary, epigraphical, and scu
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APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
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Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
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with no seal broken in the length o
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ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ pe
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17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
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watches, and when you happen to gap
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ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
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835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
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Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a
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xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_
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In Phasis there is a breed of small
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Text and translation: D. M. Balme,
Page 375 and 376: ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
Page 377 and 378: e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
Page 379 and 380: μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
Page 381 and 382: λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
Page 383 and 384: the horse and the man appearing beh
Page 385 and 386: As for dogs, what can I say? In som
Page 387 and 388: Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
Page 389 and 390: Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~t
Page 391 and 392: asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h|
Page 393 and 394: 110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
Page 395 and 396: Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
Page 397 and 398: Rub well silphium equal to one grai
Page 399 and 400: that on the peaks of a mountain fig
Page 401 and 402: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 403 and 404: a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
Page 405 and 406: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 407 and 408: The accounts given by all us must b
Page 409 and 410: a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
Page 411 and 412: The eyes, the most beautiful featur
Page 413 and 414: 153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
Page 415 and 416: Another habit of his was when he ha
Page 417 and 418: for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
Page 419 and 420: dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k
Page 421 and 422: The characteristics of the brave ma
Page 423 and 424: oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1
Page 425: 185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
Page 429 and 430: “Cleiton, that your statues of ru
Page 431 and 432: B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
Page 433 and 434: _____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
Page 435 and 436: A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
Page 437 and 438: _____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440: E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442: M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444: W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446: R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448: A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450: H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452: _____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454: S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456: C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458: W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460: C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461 and 462: S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 463 and 464: Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture fro
Page 465 and 466: Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468: Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
Page 469 and 470: Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472: Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
Page 473 and 474: Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
Page 475 and 476: Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
Page 477 and 478:
Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
Page 479 and 480:
Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
Page 481 and 482:
Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
Page 483:
Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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