The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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As soon as the puppies can get about, give them milk for a year, and the food that will form their regular diet, and nothing else. For heavy feeding warps the puppies’ legs and sows the seeds of disease in the system, and their insides go wrong. 192 Xenophon, Cynegeticus 11.1 V-IV B.C. Text and translation: E. C. Marchant, ed., tr., Xenophon VII. Scripta Minora (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1925; repr. 1984). Le/ontej de\ kai\ parda&leij, lu&gkej, pa&nqhrej, a1rktoi kai\ ta}lla o3sa e0sti\ toiau~ta qhri/a a(li/sketai e0n ce/naij xw&raij peri\ to_ Pa&ggaion o1roj kai\ to_n Ki/tton to_n u(pe\r th~j Makedoni/aj, ta_ d' e0n tw|~ 0Olu&mpw| tw|~ Musi/w| kai\ e0n Pi/ndw|, ta_ d' e0n th|~ Nu&sh| th|~ u(pe\r th~j Suri/aj, kai\ pro_j toi=j a1lloij o1resin o3sa oi[a& t' e0sti\ tre/fein toiau~ta. Lions, leopards, lynxes, panthers, bears and all similar wild beasts are captured in foreign countries, about Mt. Pangaeus and Cittus beyond Macedonia, on Mysian Olympus and Pindus, on Nysa beyond Syria, and in other mountain ranges capable of supporting such animals. 193 Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.10.6-3.10.8 Text and translation: E. C. Marchant, ed., tr., Xenophon. Memorabilian and Oeconomicus (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1923; repr. 1965). 3Oti me/n, e1fh, w} Klei/twn, kaloi\ ou4j poiei=j drome/aj te kai\ palaista_j kai\ pu&ktaj kai\ pagkratiasta&j, o(rw~ te kai\ oi]da: o4 de\ ma&lista yuxagwgei= dia_ th~j o1yewj tou_j a)nqrw&pouj, to_ zwtiko_n fai/nesqai, pw~j tou~to e0nerga&zh| toi=j a)ndria~sin; e0pei\ de\ a)porw~n o( Klei/twn ou) taxu_ a)pekri/nato, ]Ar', e1fh, toi=j tw~n zw&ntwn ei1desin a)peika&zwn to_ e1rgon zwtikwte/rouj poiei=j fai/nesqai tou_j a)ndria&ntaj; Kai\ ma&la, e1fh. Ou)kou~n ta& te u(po_ tw~n sxhma&twn kataspw&mena kai\ ta)naspw&mena e0n toi=j sw&masi kai\ ta_ sumpiezo&mena kai\ ta_ dielko&mena kai\ ta_ e0nteino&mena kai\ ta_ a)nie/mena a)peika&zwn o(moio&tera& te toi=j a)lhqinoi=j kai\ piqanw&tera poiei=j fai/nesqai; Pa&nu me\n ou}n, e1fh. To_ de\ kai\ ta_ pa&qh tw~n poiou&ntwn ti swma&twn a)pomimei=sqai ou) poiei= tina te/ryin toi=j qewme/noij; Ei0ko_j gou~n, e1fh. Ou)kou~n kai\ tw~n me\n maxome/nwn a)peilhtika_ ta_ o1mmata a)peikaste/on, tw~n de\ nenikhko&twn eu)frainome/nwn h( o1yij mimhte/a; Sfo&dra g', e1fh. Dei= a1ra, e1fh, to_n a)ndriantopoio_n ta_ th~j yuxh~j e1rga tw|~ ei1dei proseika&zein. 418
“Cleiton, that your statues of runners, wrestlers, boxers, and fighters are beautiful I see and know. But how do you e0nerga&zh| (produce in) them that illusion of life (to_ zwtiko_n fai/nesqai) which is their most alluring charm to the beholder?” As Cleiton was puzzled and did not reply at once, “Is it,” he added, “by faithfully representing the form of living beings that you make your statues look as if they lived?” “Undoubtedly.” “Then is it not by accurately representing the different parts of the body as they affected by the pose—the flesh wrinkled or tense, the limbs compressed or outstretched, the muscles taut or loose—that you make them look more real members and more convincing?” “Yes, certainly.” “Does not the exact imitation (a)pomimei=sqai) of the feelings that affect bodies in action also produce a sense of satisfaction in the spectator?” “Oh yes, presumably.” “Then must not the threatening look in the eyes of fighters be accurately represented, and the triumphant expression on the face of conquerors be imitated (mimhte/a)?” “Most certainly.” “It follows, then, that the sculptor must represent in his figures the activities of the soul.” 419
Page 1 and 2:
The Judgment of Animals in Classica
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the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
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Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
Page 11 and 12:
Introduction It is generally though
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of their art while maintaining awar
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connection between animals and life
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Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
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The examples just cited show that r
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studying freestanding statues of li
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particular, has dominated twentieth
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Regarding classical antiquity, the
Page 31 and 32:
their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
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discussion of the sculpture to whic
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them. Consequently the Athenians wi
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subjects on the basis of which arti
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of the later (Hellenistic) developm
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The theory that naturalism played t
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we have seen or sensed in the past,
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valued criterion of judging works o
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more accurate observation and rende
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judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
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is still central to his argument, b
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wars, the symmetry of their tense p
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Archaic and Classical phases, follo
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the acquired skill of craftsmanship
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prevalence of naturalism in his vie
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The statement shows clearly that Bo
Page 63 and 64:
of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
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Having expressed this idea, he pres
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5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
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animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
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quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
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valuable guide to the ancient inter
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importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
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lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
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Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
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a real animal might act in the real
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The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
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In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
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The statue proclaims its lifelikene
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and the man leading it, and the wom
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orrowed voice, the boundary between
Page 101 and 102:
oundary between lifeless art and re
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had made a success of that as well,
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eference to the error of the Pliny
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form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
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markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
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little in the way of explanation. I
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een noted, a confluence of three di
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The Possibility of Influence from B
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“in the later fifth and fourth ce
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speaking of the style of Classical
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It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
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William Brown suggests that this pa
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the expense of realism, or to a com
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B.C. 178 Although not described in
Page 131 and 132:
inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
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and degrees in which this combinati
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2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
Page 137 and 138:
just as odd a man and the beast doe
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The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
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ehavior, the description of Hector
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Despite its unclear authorship and
Page 145 and 146:
animals and have the softest hair;
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with it. He provides this descripti
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Further, Willemsen’s observation
Page 151 and 152:
The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
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that the author of the Physiognomic
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Those [animals] who have thin lips
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knowledge of the dog mating with ot
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serve their arrangement in Classica
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Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
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SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the Hou
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eferring first to the human family
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Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasiv
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that of a dog: his location on the
Page 171 and 172:
In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
Page 173 and 174:
Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
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thing is possible then,” said I,
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If anyone’s out of bread but has
Page 179 and 180:
c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of t
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incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
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Aristotle indicates that Molossian
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untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
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the dog’s stealing of food within
Page 189 and 190:
mythological dogs, such as those of
Page 191 and 192:
Cleon of embezzling money while cam
Page 193 and 194:
Although not provoked by the act of
Page 195 and 196:
Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
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190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
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Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
Page 201 and 202:
egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
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e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
Page 205 and 206:
The textual evidence discussed in t
Page 207 and 208:
efers to some countries as consumer
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living together with humans brings
Page 211 and 212:
example, states that “these lines
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and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
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with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
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flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
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ordinary food, but is not connected
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2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
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ensured only if one is willing to
Page 225 and 226:
The literary evidence contained in
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practice of eating dog meat indicat
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product of an artistic process,”
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Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
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that is Friendship. They made her k
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assume that they referred to images
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the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
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tendency not to distinguish between
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zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
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econstructed as five consecutive fr
Page 245 and 246:
To conclude the discussing of Herod
Page 247 and 248:
Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
Page 249 and 250:
With regard to the modern definitio
Page 251 and 252:
Regarding modern translations of zw
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length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
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The fragment was initially assigned
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estates, whereas the middle part wo
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of sand and limestone chips. The po
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limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
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Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
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statement accords well with the pro
Page 267 and 268:
pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
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Herodotus provides further insight
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evidence should be also added an Ar
Page 273 and 274:
g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
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The passage is instructive for the
Page 277 and 278:
the representations of enthroned Da
Page 279 and 280:
Herodotus gives no details about th
Page 281 and 282:
Grene, who says “little figures.
Page 283 and 284:
theory has dominated scholarship. 5
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iders on horses that gallop to the
Page 287 and 288:
inscription is in the form of a hea
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The existing blocks that form the b
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suggests a distinctive technique of
Page 293 and 294:
The same type of information is rec
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addition, the inscriptions provide
Page 297 and 298:
stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
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description for something, and ther
Page 301 and 302:
Erechtheion, and also fragments of
Page 303 and 304:
uilding, and also marked a technica
Page 305 and 306:
Socrates likens the use of colors b
Page 307 and 308:
on a surface produced by painting,
Page 309 and 310:
outstanding allotment of happiness
Page 311 and 312:
indicates that it was a term of gen
Page 313 and 314:
government of the state. Four perso
Page 315 and 316:
form a group of discussants on the
Page 317 and 318:
prominently in Plato’s discussion
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“animals,” and Pangle, as “li
Page 321 and 322:
general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
Page 323 and 324:
And I do not think it is right that
Page 325 and 326:
contrasted to the representations o
Page 327 and 328:
Aristotle likens the formation of t
Page 329 and 330:
paintings—also connected with zw&
Page 331 and 332:
The third occurrence of the term in
Page 333 and 334:
kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
Page 335 and 336:
temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
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of real bodies. When this meaning i
Page 339 and 340:
Conclusions Animals are fundamental
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animals—as essential elements of
Page 343 and 344:
scholarly interpretations of the pr
Page 345 and 346:
The literary, epigraphical, and scu
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APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
Page 349 and 350:
Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
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with no seal broken in the length o
Page 353 and 354:
ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ pe
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17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
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watches, and when you happen to gap
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ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
Page 365 and 366:
835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
Page 367 and 368:
Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a
Page 369 and 370:
xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_
Page 371 and 372:
In Phasis there is a breed of small
Page 373 and 374:
Text and translation: D. M. Balme,
Page 375 and 376:
ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
Page 377 and 378: e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
Page 379 and 380: μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
Page 381 and 382: λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
Page 383 and 384: the horse and the man appearing beh
Page 385 and 386: As for dogs, what can I say? In som
Page 387 and 388: Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
Page 389 and 390: Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~t
Page 391 and 392: asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h|
Page 393 and 394: 110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
Page 395 and 396: Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
Page 397 and 398: Rub well silphium equal to one grai
Page 399 and 400: that on the peaks of a mountain fig
Page 401 and 402: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 403 and 404: a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
Page 405 and 406: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 407 and 408: The accounts given by all us must b
Page 409 and 410: a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
Page 411 and 412: The eyes, the most beautiful featur
Page 413 and 414: 153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
Page 415 and 416: Another habit of his was when he ha
Page 417 and 418: for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
Page 419 and 420: dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k
Page 421 and 422: The characteristics of the brave ma
Page 423 and 424: oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1
Page 425 and 426: 185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
Page 427: the taste will make them less incli
Page 431 and 432: B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
Page 433 and 434: _____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
Page 435 and 436: A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
Page 437 and 438: _____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440: E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442: M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444: W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446: R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448: A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450: H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452: _____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454: S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456: C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458: W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460: C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461 and 462: S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 463 and 464: Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture fro
Page 465 and 466: Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468: Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
Page 469 and 470: Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472: Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
Page 473 and 474: Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
Page 475 and 476: Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
Page 477 and 478: Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
Page 479 and 480:
Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
Page 481 and 482:
Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
Page 483:
Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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