The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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the door by which this dog stood belonged to the main entrance of the house or to any of the rooms inside. 254 As a result, it is not possible to detect where exactly in the house this dog was expected to be found. 255 a jeweled collar is depicted on the wall of the front room of the shop of Sotericus on the Via dell’ Abbondanza in Pompeii: A. King, “Mammals. Evidence from Wall Paintings, Sculpture, Mosaics, Faunal Remains, and Ancient Literary Sources,” in W. F. Jashemski and F. G. Meyer, eds., The Natural History of Pompeii (Cambridge, 2002) 412, fig. 340. For the depiction of a dog’s collar on a red-figured aryballos dated to 490-480 B.C., and found in a tomb (no. 1099) during rescue excavations at the Kerameikos Station in Athens, see E. Baziotopoulou-Valavani, “Red-Figure Aryballos,” in L. Parlama and N. C. Stampolidis, eds., Athens: The City beneath the City. Antiquities from the Metropolitan Railway Excavations (Athens, 2001) 309, no. 311. Also for the bronze studs of a collar found in a dog’s grave (no. 82) that was uncovered in rescue excavations at the Parliament Square in Athens, and dates to the transitional period from the first to the second centuries A.D., see N. C. Stampolidis, “Bronze Studs from the Collar of a Dog,” in Parlama and Stampolidis, eds., Athens: The City beneath the City 177, no. 164 and 157, fig. 10. 254 Archaeological evidence suggests that the spatial arrangement of the Classical Greek house corresponded to a structure with a single street entrance leading, sometimes though a lobby (pro&quron) with a second door, to a court through which access was gained to the remainder of the house. As L. C. Nevett, “Between Urban and Rural: House-Form and Social Relations in Attic Villages and Deme Centers,” in B. A. Aunt and L. C. Nevett, eds., Ancient Greek Houses and Households. Chronological, Regional, and Social Diversity (Philadelphia, 2005) 84, suggests: “Excavation both at Athens and at other large settlements has revealed high numbers of houses following a relatively standardized pattern of organization, the single entrance, courtyard house. The only street door in such houses generally opens onto an open central court, which in turn provides access to various rooms, their entrances normally shaded by a portico (a prostas, pastas, or peristyle). ” Similarly, and in reference to the spatial organization of the Classical houses excavated on the north slope of the Areopagus in Athens, B. Tsakirgis, “Living and Working Around the Athenian Agora: A Preliminary Case Study of Three Houses,” in Aunt and Nevett, eds., Ancient Greek Houses and Households 69, maintains that a standard feature of these houses is a roughly centrally placed courtyard usually entered directly from the street, rather than from a vestibule. The same site has also provided an example of a fourth-century house with a single entrance leading to a lobby with an interior door leading into the court: L. C. Nevett, “Gender Relations in the Classical Greek Household: The Archaeological Evidence,” BSA 90 (1995) 376, n. 62. 255 It is reasonable to assume that, when the leader of the chorus advises her visitors not to approach the dog by her door, she does not mean the main entrance to her house; otherwise her invitation does not make any sense since it presupposes that these persons are welcome to her house, but advised not to approach its main entrance. Additional evidence that she is not referring to the main entrance derives from the sequence of the instructions she relates: first, visitors are welcome to her house, second, her slave will assist them in pouring flour in bags, and third, they should be cautious about the dog by her door. These successive phases of their visit, especially their assistance by the slave, presuppose the physical presence of visitors within the house. This line of thinking fits well with the suggestion that the courtyard of the Classical Greek house was the place to which visitors were admitted first. As L. C. Nevett, House and Society in the Ancient Greek World (Cambridge, 1999) 70, states the spatial arrangement of the court in the middle of the Classical Greek house marks it as part of the “public” part of the house, the center of domestic life and the place that visitors would see first, since it was the only area through which access to the other “public” part of the house—andron—and the remainder of the house could be attained. At the Classical site of Olynthus, the “public” function of the courts of the excavated houses is corroborated by the use of colored walls, terracotta figurines, and metal ornaments for decoration. 168
c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of the House: Their Ferocity and Value The connection between guard dogs and aggressive behavior towards strangers is seen elsewhere in the comedies of Aristophanes. In Women at the Thesmophoria (411 B.C.) a specific breed—Molossian—is portrayed as exceptionally frightening and, therefore, suitable for guarding the house and its residents. The play opens in the middle day of the festival of the Thesmophoria. Female participants deliberate the punishment of the tragic poet Euripides, whose plays portray them as wicked individuals. A woman called Mica remarks how the behavior of men towards women has changed after being influenced by Euripides’ slander against women: Then again, because of him, they now keep close guard on us, putting seals and bars on the doors of the women’s quarters, and on top of that they keep Molossian dogs to frighten the wits (mormolukei=a) out of seducers. (Th. 414-417) [45] Mica states clearly the use of Molossian dogs as guardians of the house in late fifth- century Athens. To her, these dogs are exceptionally frightening. As she says, Athenian men use these dogs as mormolukei=a in order to scare their wives’ lovers away from the house. According to Alan Sommerstein, the term “mormolukei=a” means “bogies”; as such, it implies that the thought of a Molossian dog was as scary to an adult as the thought of a bogy was to a child. 256 From this evidence, it seems reasonable to conclude that Molossian dogs were highly aggressive toward strangers in the houses they guarded, and the fear this behavior evoked helped shape their image in contemporary thought. The comedies of Aristophanes are not the only texts in which the aggressiveness of Molossian dogs is cited. An excerpt from Aelian’s On the Characteristics of Animals 256 A. H. Sommerstein, ed., tr., Thesmophoriazusae (The Comedies of Aristophanes 8; Warminster, 1994) 184, line 417. 169
Page 1 and 2:
The Judgment of Animals in Classica
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the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
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Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
Page 11 and 12:
Introduction It is generally though
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of their art while maintaining awar
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connection between animals and life
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Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
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The examples just cited show that r
Page 25 and 26:
studying freestanding statues of li
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particular, has dominated twentieth
Page 29 and 30:
Regarding classical antiquity, the
Page 31 and 32:
their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
Page 33 and 34:
discussion of the sculpture to whic
Page 35 and 36:
them. Consequently the Athenians wi
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subjects on the basis of which arti
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of the later (Hellenistic) developm
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The theory that naturalism played t
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we have seen or sensed in the past,
Page 45 and 46:
valued criterion of judging works o
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more accurate observation and rende
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judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
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is still central to his argument, b
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wars, the symmetry of their tense p
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Archaic and Classical phases, follo
Page 57 and 58:
the acquired skill of craftsmanship
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prevalence of naturalism in his vie
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The statement shows clearly that Bo
Page 63 and 64:
of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
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Having expressed this idea, he pres
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5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
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animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
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quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
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valuable guide to the ancient inter
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importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
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lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
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Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
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a real animal might act in the real
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The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
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In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
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The statue proclaims its lifelikene
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and the man leading it, and the wom
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orrowed voice, the boundary between
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oundary between lifeless art and re
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had made a success of that as well,
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eference to the error of the Pliny
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form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
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markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
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little in the way of explanation. I
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een noted, a confluence of three di
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The Possibility of Influence from B
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“in the later fifth and fourth ce
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speaking of the style of Classical
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It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
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William Brown suggests that this pa
Page 127 and 128: the expense of realism, or to a com
Page 129 and 130: B.C. 178 Although not described in
Page 131 and 132: inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
Page 133 and 134: and degrees in which this combinati
Page 135 and 136: 2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
Page 137 and 138: just as odd a man and the beast doe
Page 139 and 140: The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
Page 141 and 142: ehavior, the description of Hector
Page 143 and 144: Despite its unclear authorship and
Page 145 and 146: animals and have the softest hair;
Page 147 and 148: with it. He provides this descripti
Page 149 and 150: Further, Willemsen’s observation
Page 151 and 152: The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
Page 153 and 154: that the author of the Physiognomic
Page 155 and 156: Those [animals] who have thin lips
Page 157 and 158: knowledge of the dog mating with ot
Page 159 and 160: serve their arrangement in Classica
Page 161 and 162: Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
Page 163 and 164: SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the Hou
Page 165 and 166: eferring first to the human family
Page 167 and 168: Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasiv
Page 169 and 170: that of a dog: his location on the
Page 171 and 172: In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
Page 173 and 174: Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
Page 175 and 176: thing is possible then,” said I,
Page 177: If anyone’s out of bread but has
Page 181 and 182: incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
Page 183 and 184: Aristotle indicates that Molossian
Page 185 and 186: untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
Page 187 and 188: the dog’s stealing of food within
Page 189 and 190: mythological dogs, such as those of
Page 191 and 192: Cleon of embezzling money while cam
Page 193 and 194: Although not provoked by the act of
Page 195 and 196: Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
Page 197 and 198: 190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
Page 199 and 200: Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
Page 201 and 202: egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
Page 203 and 204: e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
Page 205 and 206: The textual evidence discussed in t
Page 207 and 208: efers to some countries as consumer
Page 209 and 210: living together with humans brings
Page 211 and 212: example, states that “these lines
Page 213 and 214: and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
Page 215 and 216: with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
Page 217 and 218: flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
Page 219 and 220: ordinary food, but is not connected
Page 221 and 222: 2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
Page 223 and 224: ensured only if one is willing to
Page 225 and 226: The literary evidence contained in
Page 227 and 228: practice of eating dog meat indicat
Page 229 and 230:
product of an artistic process,”
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Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
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that is Friendship. They made her k
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assume that they referred to images
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the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
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tendency not to distinguish between
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zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
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econstructed as five consecutive fr
Page 245 and 246:
To conclude the discussing of Herod
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Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
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With regard to the modern definitio
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Regarding modern translations of zw
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length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
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The fragment was initially assigned
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estates, whereas the middle part wo
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of sand and limestone chips. The po
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limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
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Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
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statement accords well with the pro
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pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
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Herodotus provides further insight
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evidence should be also added an Ar
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g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
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The passage is instructive for the
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the representations of enthroned Da
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Herodotus gives no details about th
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Grene, who says “little figures.
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theory has dominated scholarship. 5
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iders on horses that gallop to the
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inscription is in the form of a hea
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The existing blocks that form the b
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suggests a distinctive technique of
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The same type of information is rec
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addition, the inscriptions provide
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stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
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description for something, and ther
Page 301 and 302:
Erechtheion, and also fragments of
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uilding, and also marked a technica
Page 305 and 306:
Socrates likens the use of colors b
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on a surface produced by painting,
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outstanding allotment of happiness
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indicates that it was a term of gen
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government of the state. Four perso
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form a group of discussants on the
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prominently in Plato’s discussion
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“animals,” and Pangle, as “li
Page 321 and 322:
general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
Page 323 and 324:
And I do not think it is right that
Page 325 and 326:
contrasted to the representations o
Page 327 and 328:
Aristotle likens the formation of t
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paintings—also connected with zw&
Page 331 and 332:
The third occurrence of the term in
Page 333 and 334:
kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
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temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
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of real bodies. When this meaning i
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Conclusions Animals are fundamental
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animals—as essential elements of
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scholarly interpretations of the pr
Page 345 and 346:
The literary, epigraphical, and scu
Page 347 and 348:
APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
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Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
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with no seal broken in the length o
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ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ pe
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17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
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watches, and when you happen to gap
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ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
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835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
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Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a
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xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_
Page 371 and 372:
In Phasis there is a breed of small
Page 373 and 374:
Text and translation: D. M. Balme,
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ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
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e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
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μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
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λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
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the horse and the man appearing beh
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As for dogs, what can I say? In som
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Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
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Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~t
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asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h|
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110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
Page 395 and 396:
Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
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Rub well silphium equal to one grai
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that on the peaks of a mountain fig
Page 401 and 402:
Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
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a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
Page 405 and 406:
Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 407 and 408:
The accounts given by all us must b
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a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
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The eyes, the most beautiful featur
Page 413 and 414:
153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
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Another habit of his was when he ha
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for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
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dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k
Page 421 and 422:
The characteristics of the brave ma
Page 423 and 424:
oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1
Page 425 and 426:
185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
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the taste will make them less incli
Page 429 and 430:
“Cleiton, that your statues of ru
Page 431 and 432:
B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
Page 433 and 434:
_____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
Page 435 and 436:
A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
Page 437 and 438:
_____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440:
E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442:
M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444:
W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446:
R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448:
A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450:
H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452:
_____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454:
S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456:
C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458:
W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460:
C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461 and 462:
S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 463 and 464:
Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture fro
Page 465 and 466:
Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468:
Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
Page 469 and 470:
Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472:
Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
Page 473 and 474:
Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
Page 475 and 476:
Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
Page 477 and 478:
Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
Page 479 and 480:
Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
Page 481 and 482:
Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
Page 483:
Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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