The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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BDELYCLEON This Labes will eat meat-scraps and fish-bones, and he never stays in one place for long. 48 Aristotle, Categoriae 1a IV B.C. Text: L. Minio-Paluello, ed., Aristotelis Categoriae et Liber de Interpretatione (Oxford, 1949; repr. 1966). Translation: H. P. Cooke, ed., tr., Aristotle I. Categories. On Interpretation. Prior Analytics (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1938; repr. 1996). 9Omw&numa le/getai w{n o1noma mo&non koino&n, o( de\ kata_ tou1noma lo&goj th~j ou)si/aj e3teroj, oi[on zw|~on o3 te a1nqrwpoj kai\ to_ gegramme/non: tou&twn ga_r o1noma mo&non koino&n, o( de\ kata_ tou1noma lo&goj th~j ou)si/aj e3teroj: e0a_n ga_r a)podidw|~ tij ti/ e0stin au)tw~n e9kate/rw| to_ zw|&w| ei]nai, i1dion e9kate/rou lo&gon a)podw&sei. sunw&numa de\ le/getai w{n to& te o1noma koino_n kai\ o( kata_ tou1noma lo&goj th~j ou)si/aj o( au)to&j, oi[on zw|~on o3 te a1nqrwpoj kai\ o( bou~j: tou&twn ga_r e9ka&teron koinw|~ o)no&mati prosagoreu&etai zw|~on, kai\ o( lo&goj de\ th~j ou)si/aj o( au)to&j: e0a_n ga_r a)podidw|~ tij to_n e9kate/rou lo&gon ti/ e0stin au)tw~n e9kate/rw| to_ zw|&w| ei]nai, to_n au)to_n lo&gon a)podw&sei. parw&numa de\ le/getai o3sa a)po& tinoj diafe/ronta th|~ ptw&sei th_n kata_ tou1noma proshgori/an e1xei, oi[on a)po_ th~j grammatikh~j o( grammatiko_j kai\ a)po_ th~j a)ndrei/aj o( a)ndrei=oj. Things are equivocally named, when they have the name only in common, the definition (or statement of essence) corresponding with the name being different. For instance, while a man and a portrait can properly both be called ‘animals’ these are equivocally named. For they have the name only in common, the definitions (or statements of essence) corresponding with the name being different. For if you are asked to define what the being an animal means in the case of the man and the portrait, you give in either case a definition appropriate to that case alone. Things are univocally named, when not only they bear the same name but the name means the same in each case—has the same definition corresponding. Thus a man and an ox are called ‘animals.’ The name is the same in both cases; so also the statement of essence. For if you are asked what is meant by their both of them being called ‘animals’ you give that particular name in both cases the same definition. Things are ‘derivatively’ named that derive their own name form some other, that is given a new verbal form, as, for instance, ‘grammarian’ from ‘grammar,’ from ‘heroism,’ ‘hero,’ and so on. 49 Aristotle, De Generatione Animalium 743b IV B.C. Text: H. J. D. Lulofs, ed., Aristotelis de Generatione Animalium (Oxford, 1965; repr. 1972). Translation: A. L. Peck, ed., tr., Aristotle. Generation of Animals (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1943; repr. 1953). 356
Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a)fori/zetai kata_ th_n ge/nesin, to_ de\ ka&tw proi"o&ntoj tou~ xro&nou lamba&nei th_n au1chsin e0n toi=j e0nai/moij. a3panta de\ tai=j perigrafai=j diori/zetai pro&teron, u3steron de\ lamba&nei ta_ xrw&mata kai\ ta_j malako&thtaj kai\ ta_j sklhro&thtaj, a)texnw~j w3sper a2n u(po_ zwgra&fou th~j fu&sewj dhmiourgou&mena: kai\ ga_r oi9 grafei=j u(pogra&yantej tai=j grammai=j ou3twj e0nalei/fousi toi=j xrw&masi to_ zw|~on. Now the upper portion of the body is the first to be marked off in the course of the embryo’s formation; the lower portion receives its growth as time goes on. (This applies to the blooded animals). In the early stages the parts are all traced out in outline; later on they get their various colors and softnesses and hardnesses, for all the world as if a painter were at work on them, the painter being Nature. Painters, as we know, first of all sketch in the figure of the animal in outline, and after that go on to apply the colors. 50 Aristotle, De Generatione Animalium 746a IV B.C. Text: H. J. D. Lulofs, ed., Aristotelis de Generatione Animalium (Oxford, 1965; repr. 1972). Translation: A. L. Peck, ed., tr., Aristotle. Generation of Animals (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1943; repr. 1953). Gi/gnetai de\ o( sunduasmo_j toi=j zw|&oij kata_ fu&sin me\n toi=j o(mogene/sin, ou) mh_n a)lla_ kai\ toi=j me\n su&negguj th_n fu&sin e1xousin ou)k a)diafo&roij de\ tw|~ ei1dei, e0a_n ta& te mege/qh paraplh&sia h|} kai\ oi9 xro&noi i1soi w}si th~j kuh&sewj. spa&nia me\n ou}n gi/gnetai ta_ toiau~ta e0pi\ tw~n a1llwn, gi/gnetai de\ kai\ e0pi\ kunw~n kai\ a)lwpe/kwn kai\ lu&kwn : kai\ oi9 0Indikoi\ de\ ku&nej e0k qhri/ou tino_j kunw&douj gennw~ntai kai\ kuno&j. The partners in copulation are naturally and ordinarily animals of the same kind; but beside that, animals that are closely allied in their nature, and are not very different in species, copulate, if they are comparable in size and if their period of gestation are equal in length. Although such crossing is infrequent among the majority of animals, it occurs among dogs, foxes, wolves (and jackals); the Indian dog also is produced from the union of a dog with some wild doglike beast. 51 Aristotle, De Generatione Animalium 747b IV B.C. Text: H. J. D. Lulofs, ed., Aristotelis de Generatione Animalium (Oxford, 1965; repr. 1972). Translation: A. L. Peck, ed., tr., Aristotle. Generation of Animals (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1943; repr. 1953). ei0 ga_r e0c o(moeidw~n a1rrenoj kai\ qh&leoj o(moeide\j gi/gnesqai pe/fuke toi=j gennh&sasin a1rren h2 qh~lu, oi[on e0k kuno_j a1rrenoj kai\ qh&leoj ku&wn a1rrhn h2 qh&leia, kai\ e0c e9te/rwn tw|~ ei1dei e3teron tw|~ ei1dei, oi[on ei0 ku&wn 357
Page 1 and 2:
The Judgment of Animals in Classica
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the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
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Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
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Introduction It is generally though
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of their art while maintaining awar
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connection between animals and life
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Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
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The examples just cited show that r
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studying freestanding statues of li
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particular, has dominated twentieth
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Regarding classical antiquity, the
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their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
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discussion of the sculpture to whic
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them. Consequently the Athenians wi
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subjects on the basis of which arti
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of the later (Hellenistic) developm
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The theory that naturalism played t
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we have seen or sensed in the past,
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valued criterion of judging works o
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more accurate observation and rende
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judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
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is still central to his argument, b
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wars, the symmetry of their tense p
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Archaic and Classical phases, follo
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the acquired skill of craftsmanship
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prevalence of naturalism in his vie
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The statement shows clearly that Bo
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of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
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Having expressed this idea, he pres
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5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
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animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
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quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
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valuable guide to the ancient inter
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importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
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lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
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Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
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a real animal might act in the real
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The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
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In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
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The statue proclaims its lifelikene
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and the man leading it, and the wom
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orrowed voice, the boundary between
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oundary between lifeless art and re
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had made a success of that as well,
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eference to the error of the Pliny
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form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
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markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
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little in the way of explanation. I
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een noted, a confluence of three di
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The Possibility of Influence from B
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“in the later fifth and fourth ce
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speaking of the style of Classical
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It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
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William Brown suggests that this pa
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the expense of realism, or to a com
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B.C. 178 Although not described in
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inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
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and degrees in which this combinati
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2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
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just as odd a man and the beast doe
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The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
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ehavior, the description of Hector
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Despite its unclear authorship and
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animals and have the softest hair;
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with it. He provides this descripti
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Further, Willemsen’s observation
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The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
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that the author of the Physiognomic
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Those [animals] who have thin lips
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knowledge of the dog mating with ot
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serve their arrangement in Classica
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Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
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SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the Hou
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eferring first to the human family
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Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasiv
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that of a dog: his location on the
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In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
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Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
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thing is possible then,” said I,
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If anyone’s out of bread but has
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c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of t
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incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
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Aristotle indicates that Molossian
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untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
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the dog’s stealing of food within
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mythological dogs, such as those of
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Cleon of embezzling money while cam
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Although not provoked by the act of
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Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
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190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
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Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
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egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
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e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
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The textual evidence discussed in t
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efers to some countries as consumer
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living together with humans brings
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example, states that “these lines
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and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
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with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
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flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
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ordinary food, but is not connected
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2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
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ensured only if one is willing to
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The literary evidence contained in
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practice of eating dog meat indicat
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product of an artistic process,”
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Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
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that is Friendship. They made her k
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assume that they referred to images
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the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
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tendency not to distinguish between
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zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
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econstructed as five consecutive fr
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To conclude the discussing of Herod
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Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
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With regard to the modern definitio
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Regarding modern translations of zw
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length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
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The fragment was initially assigned
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estates, whereas the middle part wo
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of sand and limestone chips. The po
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limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
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Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
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statement accords well with the pro
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pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
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Herodotus provides further insight
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evidence should be also added an Ar
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g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
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The passage is instructive for the
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the representations of enthroned Da
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Herodotus gives no details about th
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Grene, who says “little figures.
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theory has dominated scholarship. 5
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iders on horses that gallop to the
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inscription is in the form of a hea
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The existing blocks that form the b
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suggests a distinctive technique of
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The same type of information is rec
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addition, the inscriptions provide
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stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
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description for something, and ther
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Erechtheion, and also fragments of
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uilding, and also marked a technica
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Socrates likens the use of colors b
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on a surface produced by painting,
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outstanding allotment of happiness
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indicates that it was a term of gen
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government of the state. Four perso
Page 315 and 316: form a group of discussants on the
Page 317 and 318: prominently in Plato’s discussion
Page 319 and 320: “animals,” and Pangle, as “li
Page 321 and 322: general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
Page 323 and 324: And I do not think it is right that
Page 325 and 326: contrasted to the representations o
Page 327 and 328: Aristotle likens the formation of t
Page 329 and 330: paintings—also connected with zw&
Page 331 and 332: The third occurrence of the term in
Page 333 and 334: kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
Page 335 and 336: temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
Page 337 and 338: of real bodies. When this meaning i
Page 339 and 340: Conclusions Animals are fundamental
Page 341 and 342: animals—as essential elements of
Page 343 and 344: scholarly interpretations of the pr
Page 345 and 346: The literary, epigraphical, and scu
Page 347 and 348: APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
Page 349 and 350: Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
Page 351 and 352: with no seal broken in the length o
Page 353 and 354: ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ pe
Page 355 and 356: 17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
Page 357 and 358: 26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
Page 359 and 360: 33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
Page 361 and 362: watches, and when you happen to gap
Page 363 and 364: ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
Page 365: 835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
Page 369 and 370: xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_
Page 371 and 372: In Phasis there is a breed of small
Page 373 and 374: Text and translation: D. M. Balme,
Page 375 and 376: ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
Page 377 and 378: e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
Page 379 and 380: μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
Page 381 and 382: λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
Page 383 and 384: the horse and the man appearing beh
Page 385 and 386: As for dogs, what can I say? In som
Page 387 and 388: Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
Page 389 and 390: Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~t
Page 391 and 392: asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h|
Page 393 and 394: 110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
Page 395 and 396: Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
Page 397 and 398: Rub well silphium equal to one grai
Page 399 and 400: that on the peaks of a mountain fig
Page 401 and 402: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 403 and 404: a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
Page 405 and 406: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 407 and 408: The accounts given by all us must b
Page 409 and 410: a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
Page 411 and 412: The eyes, the most beautiful featur
Page 413 and 414: 153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
Page 415 and 416: Another habit of his was when he ha
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for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
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dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k
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The characteristics of the brave ma
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oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1
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185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
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the taste will make them less incli
Page 429 and 430:
“Cleiton, that your statues of ru
Page 431 and 432:
B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
Page 433 and 434:
_____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
Page 435 and 436:
A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
Page 437 and 438:
_____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440:
E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442:
M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444:
W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446:
R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448:
A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450:
H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452:
_____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454:
S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456:
C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458:
W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460:
C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461 and 462:
S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 463 and 464:
Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture fro
Page 465 and 466:
Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468:
Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
Page 469 and 470:
Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472:
Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
Page 473 and 474:
Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
Page 475 and 476:
Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
Page 477 and 478:
Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
Page 479 and 480:
Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
Page 481 and 482:
Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
Page 483:
Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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