The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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istles, a head of moderate size, a long neck, with corresponding thickness, covered with tawny hairs, neither very bristling nor too much turned back. 173 Pseudo-Aristotle, Physiognomonica 809b III B.C. zw|~on a)sarko&teron ta_ i0sxi/a kai\ tou_j mhrou&j: ske/lh e0rrwme/na kai\ neurw&dh, ba&sin te neanikh&n, kai\ o3lon to_ sw~ma a)rqrw~dej kai\ neurw~dej, ou1te li/an sklhro_n ou1te li/an u(gro&n. The animal [lion] has lean haunches and thighs; his legs are strong and muscular, his walk is vigorous, and his whole body is well-jointed and muscular, neither very hard nor very moist. 174 Pseudo-Aristotle, Physiognomonica 810b III B.C. oi9 zwnoi\ filo&qhroi: a)nafe/retai e0pi\ tou_j le/ontaj kai\ tou_j ku&naj. i1doi d' a1n tij kai\ tw~n kunw~n tou_j filoqhrota&touj zwnou_j o1ntaj. Those that are small in the waist are hunters; witness lions and dogs. One can observe that the dogs most fond of hunting are those which are narrow in the waist. 175 Pseudo-Aristotle, Physiognomonica 810b III B.C. o3soi de\ ta_ sthqi/a e1xousi mega&la kai\ dihrqrwme/na, eu1rwstoi ta_j yuxa&j: a)nafe/retai e0pi\ to_ a1rren. Those who have large chests well jointed are strong in character; witness the male. 176 Pseudo-Aristotle, Physiognomonica 810b III B.C. o3soij ai9 e 0 pwmi/dej e0chrqrwme/nai kai\ oi9 w}moi, eu1rwstoi ta_j yuxa&j: a)nafe/retai e0pi\ to_ a1rren. Those whose shoulders and shoulder-blades are well articulated have strong characters; witness the male. 177 Pseudo-Aristotle, Physiognomonica 811a III B.C. 412
oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1kraij tai=j sugxeili/aij xalara&, w(j e0pi\ tou~ a1nw xei/louj pro_j to_ ka&tw e0pibeblh~sqai to_ pro_j ta_j sugxeili/aj, megalo&yuxoi: a)nafe/retai e0pi\ tou_j le/ontaj. i1doi d' a1n tij tou~to kai\ e0pi\ tw~n mega&lwn kai\ eu)rw&stwn kunw~n. Those who have thin lips and slack parts at the joining of the lips, so that the upper lip overhangs the lower at the join, are magnanimous; witness the lions. One can see the same thing in large and powerful dogs. 178 Pseudo-Aristotle, Physiognomonica 811b III B.C. o3soij o)fqalmoi\ mikro_n e0gkoilo&teroi, megalo&yuxoi: a)nafe/retai e0pi\ tou_j le/ontaj. Those whose eyes are slightly hollow are magnanimous; witness lions. 179 Pseudo-Aristotle, Physiognomonica 811b III B.C. oi9 de\ sunnefe\j e1xontej au)qa&deij: a)nafe/retai e0pi\ tau~ron kai\ le/onta. Those with an overhanging brow are overbold; witness the bull and the lion. 180 Pseudo-Aristotle, Physiognomonica 812b III B.C. oi9 to_n nw~ton dasu_n e1xontej a1gan a)naidei=j: a)nafe/retai e0pi\ ta_ qhri/a. oi9 de\ to_n au)xe/na o1pisqen dasu_n e1xontej e0leuqe/rioi: a)nafe/retai e0pi\ tou_j le/ontaj. Those with a hairy back are excessively shameless; witness the wild beasts. Those whose neck is hairy behind are generous; witness the lions. 181 Pseudo-Aristotle, Physiognomonica 812b III B.C. ai9 a1krouloi a2n ei]en pro_j eu)yuxi/an a1gousai: a)nafe/retai de\ kai\ e0pi\ to_n le/onta. oi9 tou~ metw&pou to_ pro_j th|~ kefalh|~ a)nastei=lon e1xontej e0leuqe/rioi: a)nafe/retai e0pi\ tou_j le/ontaj. 413
Page 1 and 2:
The Judgment of Animals in Classica
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the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
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Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
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Introduction It is generally though
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of their art while maintaining awar
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connection between animals and life
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Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
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The examples just cited show that r
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studying freestanding statues of li
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particular, has dominated twentieth
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Regarding classical antiquity, the
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their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
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discussion of the sculpture to whic
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them. Consequently the Athenians wi
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subjects on the basis of which arti
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of the later (Hellenistic) developm
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The theory that naturalism played t
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we have seen or sensed in the past,
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valued criterion of judging works o
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more accurate observation and rende
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judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
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is still central to his argument, b
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wars, the symmetry of their tense p
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Archaic and Classical phases, follo
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the acquired skill of craftsmanship
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prevalence of naturalism in his vie
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The statement shows clearly that Bo
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of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
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Having expressed this idea, he pres
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5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
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animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
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quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
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valuable guide to the ancient inter
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importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
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lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
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Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
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a real animal might act in the real
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The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
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In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
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The statue proclaims its lifelikene
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and the man leading it, and the wom
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orrowed voice, the boundary between
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oundary between lifeless art and re
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had made a success of that as well,
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eference to the error of the Pliny
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form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
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markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
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little in the way of explanation. I
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een noted, a confluence of three di
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The Possibility of Influence from B
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“in the later fifth and fourth ce
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speaking of the style of Classical
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It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
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William Brown suggests that this pa
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the expense of realism, or to a com
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B.C. 178 Although not described in
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inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
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and degrees in which this combinati
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2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
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just as odd a man and the beast doe
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The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
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ehavior, the description of Hector
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Despite its unclear authorship and
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animals and have the softest hair;
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with it. He provides this descripti
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Further, Willemsen’s observation
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The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
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that the author of the Physiognomic
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Those [animals] who have thin lips
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knowledge of the dog mating with ot
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serve their arrangement in Classica
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Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
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SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the Hou
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eferring first to the human family
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Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasiv
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that of a dog: his location on the
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In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
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Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
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thing is possible then,” said I,
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If anyone’s out of bread but has
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c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of t
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incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
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Aristotle indicates that Molossian
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untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
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the dog’s stealing of food within
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mythological dogs, such as those of
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Cleon of embezzling money while cam
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Although not provoked by the act of
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Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
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190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
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Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
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egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
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e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
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The textual evidence discussed in t
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efers to some countries as consumer
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living together with humans brings
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example, states that “these lines
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and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
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with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
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flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
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ordinary food, but is not connected
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2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
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ensured only if one is willing to
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The literary evidence contained in
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practice of eating dog meat indicat
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product of an artistic process,”
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Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
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that is Friendship. They made her k
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assume that they referred to images
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the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
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tendency not to distinguish between
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zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
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econstructed as five consecutive fr
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To conclude the discussing of Herod
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Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
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With regard to the modern definitio
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Regarding modern translations of zw
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length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
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The fragment was initially assigned
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estates, whereas the middle part wo
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of sand and limestone chips. The po
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limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
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Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
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statement accords well with the pro
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pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
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Herodotus provides further insight
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evidence should be also added an Ar
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g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
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The passage is instructive for the
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the representations of enthroned Da
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Herodotus gives no details about th
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Grene, who says “little figures.
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theory has dominated scholarship. 5
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iders on horses that gallop to the
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inscription is in the form of a hea
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The existing blocks that form the b
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suggests a distinctive technique of
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The same type of information is rec
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addition, the inscriptions provide
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stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
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description for something, and ther
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Erechtheion, and also fragments of
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uilding, and also marked a technica
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Socrates likens the use of colors b
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on a surface produced by painting,
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outstanding allotment of happiness
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indicates that it was a term of gen
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government of the state. Four perso
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form a group of discussants on the
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prominently in Plato’s discussion
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“animals,” and Pangle, as “li
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general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
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And I do not think it is right that
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contrasted to the representations o
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Aristotle likens the formation of t
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paintings—also connected with zw&
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The third occurrence of the term in
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kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
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temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
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of real bodies. When this meaning i
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Conclusions Animals are fundamental
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animals—as essential elements of
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scholarly interpretations of the pr
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The literary, epigraphical, and scu
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APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
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Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
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with no seal broken in the length o
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ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ pe
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17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
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watches, and when you happen to gap
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ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
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835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
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Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a
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xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_
Page 371 and 372: In Phasis there is a breed of small
Page 373 and 374: Text and translation: D. M. Balme,
Page 375 and 376: ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
Page 377 and 378: e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
Page 379 and 380: μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
Page 381 and 382: λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
Page 383 and 384: the horse and the man appearing beh
Page 385 and 386: As for dogs, what can I say? In som
Page 387 and 388: Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
Page 389 and 390: Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~t
Page 391 and 392: asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h|
Page 393 and 394: 110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
Page 395 and 396: Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
Page 397 and 398: Rub well silphium equal to one grai
Page 399 and 400: that on the peaks of a mountain fig
Page 401 and 402: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 403 and 404: a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
Page 405 and 406: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 407 and 408: The accounts given by all us must b
Page 409 and 410: a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
Page 411 and 412: The eyes, the most beautiful featur
Page 413 and 414: 153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
Page 415 and 416: Another habit of his was when he ha
Page 417 and 418: for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
Page 419 and 420: dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k
Page 421: The characteristics of the brave ma
Page 425 and 426: 185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
Page 427 and 428: the taste will make them less incli
Page 429 and 430: “Cleiton, that your statues of ru
Page 431 and 432: B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
Page 433 and 434: _____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
Page 435 and 436: A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
Page 437 and 438: _____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440: E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442: M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444: W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446: R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448: A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450: H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452: _____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454: S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456: C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458: W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460: C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461 and 462: S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 463 and 464: Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture fro
Page 465 and 466: Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468: Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
Page 469 and 470: Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472: Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
Page 473 and 474:
Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
Page 475 and 476:
Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
Page 477 and 478:
Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
Page 479 and 480:
Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
Page 481 and 482:
Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
Page 483:
Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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